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Merge branch 'develop' of https://github.com/nlohmann/json into feature/optional

Browse Source 
 Conflicts:
	test/src/unit-conversions.cpp
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Niels Lohmann 2020-12-21 20:59:41 +01:00
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12
.circleci/config.yml
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@ -44,5 +44,13 @@ workflows:
version: 2
build_and_test_all:
jobs:
- build_stable
- build_bleeding_edge
- build_stable:
filters:
branches:
ignore:
gh-pages
- build_bleeding_edge:
filters:
branches:
ignore:
gh-pages

1
.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml vendored
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@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:

14
.github/workflows/windows.yml vendored
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@ -15,20 +15,6 @@ jobs:
- name: test
run: cd build ; ctest -j 10 -C Debug --exclude-regex "test-unicode" --output-on-failure
clang9:
runs-on: windows-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v1
- name: install Clang
run: curl -fsSL -o LLVM9.exe https://releases.llvm.org/9.0.0/LLVM-9.0.0-win64.exe ; 7z x LLVM9.exe -y -o"C:/Program Files/LLVM"
- name: cmake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER="C:/Program Files/LLVM/bin/clang++.exe" -G"MinGW Makefiles" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DJSON_BuildTests=On
- name: build
run: cmake --build build --parallel 10
- name: test
run: cd build ; ctest -j 10 -C Debug --exclude-regex "test-unicode" --output-on-failure
clang10:
runs-on: windows-latest

1
.gitignore vendored
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@ -33,3 +33,4 @@ doc/mkdocs/docs/examples
doc/mkdocs/site
doc/mkdocs/docs/__pycache__/
doc/xml
/doc/docset/nlohmann_json.docset/

21
.travis.yml
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@ -124,18 +124,6 @@ matrix:
# OSX / Clang
- os: osx
osx_image: xcode9.3
- os: osx
osx_image: xcode9.4
- os: osx
osx_image: xcode10
- os: osx
osx_image: xcode10.1
- os: osx
osx_image: xcode10.2
@ -222,7 +210,7 @@ matrix:
compiler: gcc
env:
- COMPILER=g++-9
- CXXFLAGS=-std=c++2a
- CXX_STANDARD=17
addons:
apt:
sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test']
@ -306,11 +294,11 @@ matrix:
compiler: clang
env:
- COMPILER=clang++-7
- CXXFLAGS=-std=c++1z
- CXX_STANDARD=17
addons:
apt:
sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'llvm-toolchain-trusty-7']
packages: ['g++-6', 'clang-7', 'ninja-build']
packages: ['g++-7', 'clang-7', 'ninja-build']
################
# build script #
@ -334,6 +322,9 @@ script:
# by default, use implicit conversions
- if [[ "${IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS}" == "" ]]; then export IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS=ON; fi
# append CXX_STANDARD to CMAKE_OPTIONS if required
- CMAKE_OPTIONS+=${CXX_STANDARD:+ -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=$CXX_STANDARD -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED=ON}
# compile and execute unit tests
- mkdir -p build && cd build
- cmake .. ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -DJSON_MultipleHeaders=${MULTIPLE_HEADERS} -DJSON_ImplicitConversions=${IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS} -DJSON_BuildTests=On -GNinja && cmake --build . --config Release

18
CMakeLists.txt
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@ -6,6 +6,15 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1)
##
project(nlohmann_json VERSION 3.9.1 LANGUAGES CXX)
##
## MAIN_PROJECT CHECK
## determine if nlohmann_json is built as a subproject (using add_subdirectory) or if it is the main project
##
set(MAIN_PROJECT OFF)
if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
set(MAIN_PROJECT ON)
endif()
##
## INCLUDE
##
@ -21,8 +30,8 @@ if (POLICY CMP0077)
cmake_policy(SET CMP0077 NEW)
endif ()
option(JSON_BuildTests "Build the unit tests when BUILD_TESTING is enabled." ON)
option(JSON_Install "Install CMake targets during install step." ON)
option(JSON_BuildTests "Build the unit tests when BUILD_TESTING is enabled." ${MAIN_PROJECT})
option(JSON_Install "Install CMake targets during install step." ${MAIN_PROJECT})
option(JSON_MultipleHeaders "Use non-amalgamated version of the library." OFF)
option(JSON_ImplicitConversions "Enable implicit conversions." ON)
@ -101,9 +110,8 @@ CONFIGURE_FILE(
## TESTS
## create and configure the unit test target
##
include(CTest) #adds option BUILD_TESTING (default ON)
if(BUILD_TESTING AND JSON_BuildTests)
if (JSON_BuildTests)
include(CTest)
enable_testing()
add_subdirectory(test)
endif()

6
Makefile
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@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ doctest:
# -Wno-documentation-unknown-command: code uses user-defined commands like @complexity
# -Wno-exit-time-destructors: warning in json code triggered by NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM
# -Wno-float-equal: not all comparisons in the tests can be replaced by Approx
# -Wno-keyword-macro: unit-tests use "#define private public"
# -Wno-missing-prototypes: for NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE
# -Wno-padded: padding is nothing to warn about
# -Wno-range-loop-analysis: items tests "for(const auto i...)"
@ -98,7 +97,6 @@ pedantic_clang:
-Wno-documentation-unknown-command \
-Wno-exit-time-destructors \
-Wno-float-equal \
-Wno-keyword-macro \
-Wno-missing-prototypes \
-Wno-padded \
-Wno-range-loop-analysis \
@ -610,7 +608,7 @@ ChangeLog.md:
release:
rm -fr release_files
mkdir release_files
zip -9 --recurse-paths -X include.zip $(SRCS) $(AMALGAMATED_FILE) meson.build
zip -9 --recurse-paths -X include.zip $(SRCS) $(AMALGAMATED_FILE) meson.build LICENSE.MIT
gpg --armor --detach-sig include.zip
mv include.zip include.zip.asc release_files
gpg --armor --detach-sig $(AMALGAMATED_FILE)
@ -629,7 +627,7 @@ clean:
rm -fr json_unit json_benchmarks fuzz fuzz-testing *.dSYM test/*.dSYM oclint_report.html
rm -fr benchmarks/files/numbers/*.json
rm -fr cmake-3.1.0-Darwin64.tar.gz cmake-3.1.0-Darwin64
rm -fr cmake-build-coverage cmake-build-benchmarks fuzz-testing cmake-build-clang-analyze cmake-build-pvs-studio cmake-build-infer cmake-build-clang-sanitize cmake_build
rm -fr cmake-build-coverage cmake-build-benchmarks cmake-build-pedantic fuzz-testing cmake-build-clang-analyze cmake-build-pvs-studio cmake-build-infer cmake-build-clang-sanitize cmake_build
$(MAKE) clean -Cdoc
##########################################################################

33
README.md
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@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
[![Try online](https://img.shields.io/badge/try-online-blue.svg)](https://wandbox.org/permlink/3lCHrFUZANONKv7a)
[![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-doxygen-blue.svg)](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/index.html)
[![GitHub license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nlohmann/json/master/LICENSE.MIT)
[![FOSSA Status](https://app.fossa.com/api/projects/git%2Bgithub.com%2Fnlohmann%2Fjson.svg?type=shield)](https://app.fossa.com/projects/git%2Bgithub.com%2Fnlohmann%2Fjson?ref=badge_shield)
[![GitHub Releases](https://img.shields.io/github/release/nlohmann/json.svg)](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases)
[![GitHub Downloads](https://img.shields.io/github/downloads/nlohmann/json/total)](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases)
[![GitHub Issues](https://img.shields.io/github/issues/nlohmann/json.svg)](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues)
@ -76,6 +75,7 @@ You can sponsor this library at [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/nl
- [Michael Hartmann](https://github.com/reFX-Mike)
- [Stefan Hagen](https://github.com/sthagen)
- [Steve Sperandeo](https://github.com/homer6)
- [Robert Jefe Lindstädt](https://github.com/eljefedelrodeodeljefe)
Thanks everyone!
@ -231,6 +231,15 @@ Please file issues [here](https://github.com/build2-packaging/nlohmann-json) if
If you are using [`wsjcpp`](https://wsjcpp.org), you can use the command `wsjcpp install "https://github.com/nlohmann/json:develop"` to get the latest version. Note you can change the branch ":develop" to an existing tag or another branch.
If you are using [`CPM.cmake`](https://github.com/TheLartians/CPM.cmake), you can check this [`example`](https://github.com/TheLartians/CPM.cmake/tree/master/examples/json). After [adding CPM script](https://github.com/TheLartians/CPM.cmake#adding-cpm) to your project, implement the following snippet to your CMake:
```cmake
CPMAddPackage(
NAME nlohmann_json
GITHUB_REPOSITORY nlohmann/json
VERSION 3.9.1)
```
### Pkg-config
If you are using bare Makefiles, you can use `pkg-config` to generate the include flags that point to where the library is installed:
@ -247,7 +256,7 @@ json = dependency('nlohmann_json', required: true)
## Examples
Beside the examples below, you may want to check the [documentation](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/) where each function contains a separate code example (e.g., check out [`emplace()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a5338e282d1d02bed389d852dd670d98d.html#a5338e282d1d02bed389d852dd670d98d)). All [example files](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/doc/examples) can be compiled and executed on their own (e.g., file [emplace.cpp](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/doc/examples/emplace.cpp)).
Beside the examples below, you may want to check the [documentation](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/) where each function contains a separate code example (e.g., check out [`emplace()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/emplace/)). All [example files](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/doc/examples) can be compiled and executed on their own (e.g., file [emplace.cpp](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/doc/examples/emplace.cpp)).
### JSON as first-class data type
@ -316,7 +325,7 @@ json j2 = {
};
```
Note that in all these cases, you never need to "tell" the compiler which JSON value type you want to use. If you want to be explicit or express some edge cases, the functions [`json::array()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a9ad7ec0bc1082ed09d10900fbb20a21f.html#a9ad7ec0bc1082ed09d10900fbb20a21f) and [`json::object()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_aaf509a7c029100d292187068f61c99b8.html#aaf509a7c029100d292187068f61c99b8) will help:
Note that in all these cases, you never need to "tell" the compiler which JSON value type you want to use. If you want to be explicit or express some edge cases, the functions [`json::array()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/array/) and [`json::object()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/object/) will help:
```cpp
// a way to express the empty array []
@ -351,7 +360,7 @@ auto j2 = R"(
Note that without appending the `_json` suffix, the passed string literal is not parsed, but just used as JSON string value. That is, `json j = "{ \"happy\": true, \"pi\": 3.141 }"` would just store the string `"{ "happy": true, "pi": 3.141 }"` rather than parsing the actual object.
The above example can also be expressed explicitly using [`json::parse()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a265a473e939184aa42655c9ccdf34e58.html#a265a473e939184aa42655c9ccdf34e58):
The above example can also be expressed explicitly using [`json::parse()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/parse/):
```cpp
// parse explicitly
@ -394,9 +403,9 @@ std::cout << cpp_string << " == " << cpp_string2 << " == " << j_string.get<std::
std::cout << j_string << " == " << serialized_string << std::endl;
```
[`.dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5.html#a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5) always returns the serialized value, and [`.get<std::string>()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_aa6602bb24022183ab989439e19345d08.html#aa6602bb24022183ab989439e19345d08) returns the originally stored string value.
[`.dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/dump/) returns the originally stored string value.
Note the library only supports UTF-8. When you store strings with different encodings in the library, calling [`dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5.html#a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5) may throw an exception unless `json::error_handler_t::replace` or `json::error_handler_t::ignore` are used as error handlers.
Note the library only supports UTF-8. When you store strings with different encodings in the library, calling [`dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/dump/) may throw an exception unless `json::error_handler_t::replace` or `json::error_handler_t::ignore` are used as error handlers.
#### To/from streams (e.g. files, string streams)
@ -884,7 +893,7 @@ Some important things:
* Those methods **MUST** be in your type's namespace (which can be the global namespace), or the library will not be able to locate them (in this example, they are in namespace `ns`, where `person` is defined).
* Those methods **MUST** be available (e.g., proper headers must be included) everywhere you use these conversions. Look at [issue 1108](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1108) for errors that may occur otherwise.
* When using `get<your_type>()`, `your_type` **MUST** be [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible). (There is a way to bypass this requirement described later.)
* In function `from_json`, use function [`at()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a93403e803947b86f4da2d1fb3345cf2c.html#a93403e803947b86f4da2d1fb3345cf2c) to access the object values rather than `operator[]`. In case a key does not exist, `at` throws an exception that you can handle, whereas `operator[]` exhibits undefined behavior.
* In function `from_json`, use function [`at()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/at/) to access the object values rather than `operator[]`. In case a key does not exist, `at` throws an exception that you can handle, whereas `operator[]` exhibits undefined behavior.
* You do not need to add serializers or deserializers for STL types like `std::vector`: the library already implements these.
#### Simplify your life with macros
@ -1222,10 +1231,6 @@ The following compilers are currently used in continuous integration at [Travis]
| Compiler | Operating System | CI Provider |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|----------------|
| Apple Clang 9.1.0 (clang-902.0.39.1); Xcode 9.3 | macOS 10.13.3 | Travis |
| Apple Clang 9.1.0 (clang-902.0.39.2); Xcode 9.4.1 | macOS 10.13.6 | Travis |
| Apple Clang 10.0.0 (clang-1000.11.45.2); Xcode 10.0 | macOS 10.13.6 | Travis |
| Apple Clang 10.0.0 (clang-1000.11.45.5); Xcode 10.1 | macOS 10.13.6 | Travis |
| Apple Clang 10.0.1 (clang-1001.0.46.4); Xcode 10.2.1 | macOS 10.14.4 | Travis |
| Apple Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.12); Xcode 11.2.1 | macOS 10.14.6 | Travis |
| Apple Clang 11.0.3 (clang-1103.0.32.59); Xcode 11.4.1 | macOS 10.15.4 | GitHub Actions |
@ -1574,7 +1579,7 @@ The library supports **Unicode input** as follows:
- [Unicode noncharacters](https://www.unicode.org/faq/private_use.html#nonchar1) will not be replaced by the library.
- Invalid surrogates (e.g., incomplete pairs such as `\uDEAD`) will yield parse errors.
- The strings stored in the library are UTF-8 encoded. When using the default string type (`std::string`), note that its length/size functions return the number of stored bytes rather than the number of characters or glyphs.
- When you store strings with different encodings in the library, calling [`dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5.html#a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5) may throw an exception unless `json::error_handler_t::replace` or `json::error_handler_t::ignore` are used as error handlers.
- When you store strings with different encodings in the library, calling [`dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/dump/) may throw an exception unless `json::error_handler_t::replace` or `json::error_handler_t::ignore` are used as error handlers.
### Comments in JSON
@ -1608,7 +1613,7 @@ Here is a related issue [#1924](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1924).
### Further notes
- The code contains numerous debug **assertions** which can be switched off by defining the preprocessor macro `NDEBUG`, see the [documentation of `assert`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/assert). In particular, note [`operator[]`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a233b02b0839ef798942dd46157cc0fe6.html#a233b02b0839ef798942dd46157cc0fe6) implements **unchecked access** for const objects: If the given key is not present, the behavior is undefined (think of a dereferenced null pointer) and yields an [assertion failure](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/289) if assertions are switched on. If you are not sure whether an element in an object exists, use checked access with the [`at()` function](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a73ae333487310e3302135189ce8ff5d8.html#a73ae333487310e3302135189ce8ff5d8). Furthermore, you can define `JSON_ASSERT(x)` to replace calls to `assert(x)`.
- The code contains numerous debug **assertions** which can be switched off by defining the preprocessor macro `NDEBUG`, see the [documentation of `assert`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/assert). In particular, note [`operator[]`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/) implements **unchecked access** for const objects: If the given key is not present, the behavior is undefined (think of a dereferenced null pointer) and yields an [assertion failure](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/289) if assertions are switched on. If you are not sure whether an element in an object exists, use checked access with the [`at()` function](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/at/). Furthermore, you can define `JSON_ASSERT(x)` to replace calls to `assert(x)`.
- As the exact type of a number is not defined in the [JSON specification](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html), this library tries to choose the best fitting C++ number type automatically. As a result, the type `double` may be used to store numbers which may yield [**floating-point exceptions**](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/181) in certain rare situations if floating-point exceptions have been unmasked in the calling code. These exceptions are not caused by the library and need to be fixed in the calling code, such as by re-masking the exceptions prior to calling library functions.
- The code can be compiled without C++ **runtime type identification** features; that is, you can use the `-fno-rtti` compiler flag.
- **Exceptions** are used widely within the library. They can, however, be switched off with either using the compiler flag `-fno-exceptions` or by defining the symbol `JSON_NOEXCEPTION`. In this case, exceptions are replaced by `abort()` calls. You can further control this behavior by defining `JSON_THROW_USER` (overriding `throw`), `JSON_TRY_USER` (overriding `try`), and `JSON_CATCH_USER` (overriding `catch`). Note that `JSON_THROW_USER` should leave the current scope (e.g., by throwing or aborting), as continuing after it may yield undefined behavior.
@ -1628,3 +1633,5 @@ $ ctest --output-on-failure
Note that during the `ctest` stage, several JSON test files are downloaded from an [external repository](https://github.com/nlohmann/json_test_data). If policies forbid downloading artifacts during testing, you can download the files yourself and pass the directory with the test files via `-DJSON_TestDataDirectory=path` to CMake. Then, no Internet connectivity is required. See [issue #2189](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2189) for more information.
In case you have downloaded the library rather than checked out the code via Git, test `cmake_fetch_content_configure`. Please execute `ctest -LE git_required` to skip these tests. See [issue #2189](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2189) for more information.
As Intel compilers use unsafe floating point optimization by default, the unit tests may fail. Use flag [`/fp:precise`](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/cpp-compiler-developer-guide-and-reference/top/compiler-reference/compiler-options/compiler-option-details/floating-point-options/fp-model-fp.html) then.

2
cmake/download_test_data.cmake
View File

@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ message(STATUS "Operating system: ${OS_VERSION_STRINGS}")
# determine the compiler (for debug and support purposes)
if (MSVC)
execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER} OUTPUT_VARIABLE CXX_VERSION_RESULT OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE ERROR_VARIABLE CXX_VERSION_RESULT ERROR_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER "${CXX_VERSION_RESULT}; MSVC_VERSION=${MSVC_VERSION}; MSVC_TOOLSET_VERSION=${MSVC_TOOLSET_VERSION}")
set(CXX_VERSION_RESULT "${CXX_VERSION_RESULT}; MSVC_VERSION=${MSVC_VERSION}; MSVC_TOOLSET_VERSION=${MSVC_TOOLSET_VERSION}")
else()
execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER} --version OUTPUT_VARIABLE CXX_VERSION_RESULT OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
endif()

2
doc/Makefile
View File

@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ check_output: $(EXAMPLES:.cpp=.test)
clean:
rm -fr me.nlohmann.json.docset html xml $(EXAMPLES:.cpp=)
$(MAKE) clean -C docset
$(MAKE) clean -C mkdocs
##########################################################################

20
doc/docset/Info.plist Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>
<string>nlohmann_json</string>
<key>CFBundleName</key>
<string>JSON for Modern C++</string>
<key>DocSetPlatformFamily</key>
<string>json</string>
<key>isDashDocset</key>
<true/>
<key>dashIndexFilePath</key>
<string>index.html</string>
<key>DashDocSetFallbackURL</key>
<string>https://nlohmann.github.io/json/</string>
<key>isJavaScriptEnabled</key>
<true/>
</dict>
</plist>

21
doc/docset/Makefile Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
nlohmann_json.docset: Info.plist docSet.sql
$(MAKE) clean
mkdir -p nlohmann_json.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/
cp info.plist nlohmann_json.docset/Contents
# build and copy documentation
$(MAKE) build -C ../mkdocs
cp -r ../mkdocs/site/* nlohmann_json.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents
# patch CSS to hide navigation items
echo "\n\nheader, footer, navi, div.md-sidebar--primary, nav.md-tabs--active, a.md-content__button { display: none; }" >> nlohmann_json.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/assets/stylesheets/main.b5d04df8.min.css
# fix spacing
echo "\n\ndiv.md-sidebar div.md-sidebar--secondary, div.md-main__inner { top: 0; margin-top: 0 }" >> nlohmann_json.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/assets/stylesheets/main.b5d04df8.min.css
# remove "JSON for Modern C++" from page titles
find nlohmann_json.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents -type f -exec gsed -i 's| - JSON for Modern C++</title>|</title>|' {} +
# clean up
rm nlohmann_json.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/hooks.py
rm nlohmann_json.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/sitemap.*
# generate index
sqlite3 nlohmann_json.docset/Contents/Resources/docSet.dsidx < docSet.sql
clean:
rm -fr nlohmann_json.docset

13
doc/docset/README.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
# docset
The folder contains the required files to create a [docset](https://kapeli.com/docsets) which can be used in
documentation browsers like [Dash](https://kapeli.com/dash), [Velocity](https://velocity.silverlakesoftware.com), or
[Zeal](https://zealdocs.org).
The docset can be created with
```sh
make nlohmann_json.docset
```
The generated folder `nlohmann_json.docset` can then be opened in the documentation browser.

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DROP TABLE IF EXISTS searchIndex;
CREATE TABLE searchIndex(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, type TEXT, path TEXT);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX anchor ON searchIndex (name, type, path);
-- API
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('accept', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/accept/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('adl_serializer', 'Class', 'api/adl_serializer/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('array', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/array/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('array_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/array_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('at', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/at/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('back', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/back/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('basic_json', 'Class', 'api/basic_json/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('basic_json', 'Constructor', 'api/basic_json/basic_json/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('begin', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/begin/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('binary', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/binary/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('binary_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/binary_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('boolean_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/boolean_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('cbegin', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/cbegin/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('cbor_tag_handler_t', 'Enum', 'api/basic_json/cbor_tag_handler_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('cend', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/cend/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('clear', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/clear/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('contains', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/contains/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('count', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/count/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('crbegin', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/crbegin/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('crend', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/crend/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('diff', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/diff/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('dump', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/dump/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('emplace', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/emplace/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('emplace_back', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/emplace_back/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('empty', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/empty/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('end', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/end/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('erase', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/erase/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('error_handler_t', 'Enum', 'api/basic_json/error_handler_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('exception', 'Class', 'api/basic_json/exception/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('find', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/find/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('flatten', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/flatten/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('from_bson', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/from_bson/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('from_cbor', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/from_cbor/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('from_msgpack', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/from_msgpack/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('from_ubjson', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/from_ubjson/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('front', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/front/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('get', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/get/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('get_allocator', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/get_allocator/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('get_binary', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/get_binary/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('get_ptr', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/get_ptr/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('get_ref', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/get_ref/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('get_to', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/get_to/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('input_format_t', 'Enum', 'api/basic_json/input_format_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('insert', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/insert/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('invalid_iterator', 'Class', 'api/basic_json/invalid_iterator/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_array', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_array/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_binary', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_binary/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_boolean', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_boolean/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_discarded', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_discarded/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_null', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_null/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_number', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_number/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_number_float', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_number_float/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_number_integer', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_number_integer/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_number_unsigned', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_object', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_object/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_primitive', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_primitive/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_string', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_string/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('is_structured', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/is_structured/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('items', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/items/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('json', 'Class', 'api/json/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('json_pointer', 'Class', 'api/json_pointer/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('json_serializer', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/json_serializer/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('max_size', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/max_size/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('merge_patch', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/merge_patch/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('meta', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/meta/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('number_float_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/number_float_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('number_integer_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/number_integer_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('number_unsigned_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('object', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/object/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('object_comparator_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/object_comparator_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('object_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/object_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator!=', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator_ne/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator+=', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator+=/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator=', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator=/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator==', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator_eq/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator<', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator_lt/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator<=', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator_le/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator>', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator_gt/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator>=', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator_ge/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator[]', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator[]/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator""_json', 'Literal', 'api/basic_json/operator_literal_json/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator""_json_pointer', 'Literal', 'api/basic_json/operator_literal_json_pointer/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator ValueType', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator_ValueType/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('operator value_t', 'Operator', 'api/basic_json/operator_value_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('ordered_json', 'Class', 'api/ordered_json/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('ordered_map', 'Class', 'api/ordered_map/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('out_of_range', 'Class', 'api/basic_json/out_of_range/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('other_error', 'Class', 'api/basic_json/other_error/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('parse', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/parse/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('parse_error', 'Class', 'api/basic_json/parse_error/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('parse_event_t', 'Enum', 'api/basic_json/parse_event_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('parser_callback_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/parser_callback_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('patch', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/patch/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('push_back', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/push_back/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('rbegin', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/rbegin/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('rend', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/rend/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('sax_parse', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/sax_parse/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('size', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/size/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('string_t', 'Type', 'api/basic_json/string_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('type', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/type/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('type_error', 'Class', 'api/basic_json/type_error/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('type_name', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/type_name/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('unflatten', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/unflatten/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('update', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/update/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('to_bson', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/to_bson/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('to_cbor', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/to_cbor/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('to_msgpack', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/to_msgpack/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('to_ubjson', 'Function', 'api/basic_json/to_ubjson/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('value', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/value/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('value_t', 'Enum', 'api/basic_json/value_t/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('~basic_json', 'Method', 'api/basic_json/~basic_json/index.html');
-- Features
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('Binary Formats', 'Guide', 'features/binary_formats/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('BSON', 'Guide', 'features/binary_formats/bson/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('CBOR', 'Guide', 'features/binary_formats/cbor/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('MessagePack', 'Guide', 'features/binary_formats/messagepack/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('UBJSON', 'Guide', 'features/binary_formats/ubjson/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('Supported Macros', 'Guide', 'features/macros/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('Binary Values', 'Guide', 'features/binary_values/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('Comments', 'Guide', 'features/comments/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('Iterators', 'Guide', 'features/iterators/index.html');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('Types', 'Guide', 'features/types/index.html');
-- Macros
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_ASSERT', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#json_assertx');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_CATCH_USER', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#json_catch_userexception');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_NOEXCEPTION', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#json_noexception');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_SKIP_UNSUPPORTED_COMPILER_CHECK', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#json_skip_unsupported_compiler_check');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_THROW_USER', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#json_throw_userexception');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_TRY_USER', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#json_try_user');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#json_use_implicit_conversions');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#nlohmann_define_type_intrusivetype-member');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#nlohmann_define_type_non_intrusivetype-member');
INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM', 'Macro', 'features/macros/index.html#nlohmann_json_serialize_enumtype');

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#include <iostream>
#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
using json = nlohmann::json;
int main()
{
// an invalid JSON text
std::string text = R"(
{
"key": "value without closing quotes
}
)";
// parse with exceptions
try
{
json j = json::parse(text);
}
catch (json::parse_error& e)
{
std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
}
// parse without exceptions
json j = json::parse(text, nullptr, false);
if (j.is_discarded())
{
std::cout << "the input is invalid JSON" << std::endl;
}
else
{
std::cout << "the input is valid JSON: " << j << std::endl;
}
}

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<a target="_blank" href="https://wandbox.org/permlink/2TsG4VSg87HsRQC9"><b>online</b></a>

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[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 4, column 0: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: control character U+000A (LF) must be escaped to \u000A or \n; last read: '"value without closing quotes<U+000A>'
the input is invalid JSON

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@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
serve: prepare_files
venv/bin/mkdocs serve
build: prepare_files
venv/bin/mkdocs build
# create files that are not versioned inside the mkdocs folder
prepare_files: clean
# build Doxygen
@ -9,7 +12,7 @@ prepare_files: clean
# create subfolders
mkdir docs/images docs/examples
# copy images
cp -vr ../json.gif ../images/range-begin-end.svg ../images/range-rbegin-rend.svg docs/images
cp -vr ../json.gif ../images/range-begin-end.svg ../images/range-rbegin-rend.svg ../images/callback_events.png docs/images
# copy examples
cp -vr ../examples/*.cpp ../examples/*.output docs/examples

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# adl_serializer
```cpp
template<typename, typename>
struct adl_serializer;
```
Serializer that uses ADL ([Argument-Dependent Lookup](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/adl)) to choose
`to_json`/`from_json` functions from the types' namespaces.
It is implemented similar to
```cpp
template<typename ValueType>
struct adl_serializer {
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const T& value) {
// calls the "to_json" method in T's namespace
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, T& value) {
// same thing, but with the "from_json" method
}
};
```
## Member functions
- **from_json** - convert a JSON value to any value type
- **to_json** - convert any value type to a JSON value

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# basic_json::accept
```cpp
// (1)
template<typename InputType>
static bool accept(InputType&& i,
const bool ignore_comments = false);
// (2)
template<typename IteratorType>
static bool accept(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
const bool ignore_comments = false);
```
Checks whether the input is valid JSON.
1. Reads from a compatible input.
2. Reads from a pair of character iterators
The value_type of the iterator must be a integral type with size of 1, 2 or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted
respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32.
Unlike the [`parse`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an exception in case of invalid JSON input
(i.e., a parse error) nor creates diagnostic information.
## Template parameters
`InputType`
: A compatible input, for instance:
- an `std::istream` object
- a `FILE` pointer
- a C-style array of characters
- a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
- an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
`IteratorType`
: a compatible iterator type
## Parameters
`i` (in)
: Input to parse from.
`ignore_comments` (in)
: whether comments should be ignored and treated like whitespace (`#!cpp true`) or yield a parse error
(`#!cpp false`); (optional, `#!cpp false` by default)
`first` (in)
: iterator to start of character range
`last` (in)
: iterator to end of character range
## Return value
Whether the input is valid JSON.
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive LL(1) parser.
## Notes
(1) A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
## Examples
??? example
The example below demonstrates the `accept()` function reading from a string.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/accept__string.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/accept__string.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 3.0.0.
- Ignoring comments via `ignore_comments` added in version 3.9.0.

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# basic_json::array
```cpp
static basic_json array(initializer_list_t init = {});
```
Creates a JSON array value from a given initializer list. That is, given a list of values `a, b, c`, creates the JSON
value `#!json [a, b, c]`. If the initializer list is empty, the empty array `#!json []` is created.
## Parameters
`init` (in)
: initializer list with JSON values to create an array from (optional)
## Return value
JSON array value
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the size of `init`.
## Notes
This function is only needed to express two edge cases that cannot be realized with the initializer list constructor
([`basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t)`](basic_json.md)). These cases are:
1. creating an array whose elements are all pairs whose first element is a string -- in this case, the initializer list
constructor would create an object, taking the first elements as keys
2. creating an empty array -- passing the empty initializer list to the initializer list constructor yields an empty
object
## Examples
??? example
The following code shows an example for the `array` function.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/array.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/array.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::array_t
```cpp
using array_t = ArrayType<basic_json, AllocatorType<basic_json>>;
```
The type used to store JSON arrays.
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON arrays as follows:
> An array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values.
To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters explained below.
## Template parameters
`ArrayType`
: container type to store arrays (e.g., `std::vector` or `std::list`)
`AllocatorType`
: the allocator to use for objects (e.g., `std::allocator`)
## Notes
#### Default type
With the default values for `ArrayType` (`std::vector`) and `AllocatorType` (`std::allocator`), the default value for
`array_t` is:
```cpp
std::vector<
basic_json, // value_type
std::allocator<basic_json> // allocator_type
>
```
#### Limits
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
> An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
In this class, the array's limit of nesting is not explicitly constrained. However, a maximum depth of nesting may be
introduced by the compiler or runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the
[`max_size`](max_size.md) function of a JSON array.
#### Storage
Arrays are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for any access to array values, a pointer of type
`#!cpp array_t*` must be dereferenced.
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::at
```cpp
// (1)
reference at(size_type idx);
const_reference at(size_type idx) const;
// (2)
reference at(const typename object_t::key_type& key);
const_reference at(const typename object_t::key_type& key) const;
// (3)
reference at(const json_pointer& ptr);
const_reference at(const json_pointer& ptr) const;
```
1. Returns a reference to the element at specified location `idx`, with bounds checking.
2. Returns a reference to the element at with specified key `key`, with bounds checking.
3. Returns a reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer `ptr`, with bounds checking.
## Parameters
`idx` (in)
: index of the element to access
`key` (in)
: object key of the elements to remove
`ptr` (in)
: JSON pointer to the desired element
## Return value
1. reference to the element at index `idx`
2. reference to the element at key `key`
3. reference to the element pointed to by `ptr`
## Exceptions
1. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.304`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error304) if the JSON value is not an array;
in this case, calling `at` with an index makes no sense. See example below.
- Throws [`out_of_range.401`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range401) if the index `idx` is out of
range of the array; that is, `idx >= size()`. See example below.
2. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.304`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error304) if the JSON value is not an object;
in this case, calling `at` with a key makes no sense. See example below.
- Throws [`out_of_range.403`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range403) if the key `key` is is not
stored in the object; that is, `find(key) == end()`. See example below.
3. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`parse_error.106`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error106) if an array index in the passed
JSON pointer `ptr` begins with '0'. See example below.
- Throws [`parse_error.109`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error109) if an array index in the passed
JSON pointer `ptr` is not a number. See example below.
- Throws [`out_of_range.401`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range401) if an array index in the passed
JSON pointer `ptr` is out of range. See example below.
- Throws [`out_of_range.402`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range402) if the array index '-' is used
in the passed JSON pointer `ptr`. As `at` provides checked access (and no elements are implicitly inserted), the
index '-' is always invalid. See example below.
- Throws [`out_of_range.403`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range403) if the JSON pointer describes a
key of an object which cannot be found. See example below.
- Throws [`out_of_range.404`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range404) if the JSON pointer `ptr` can
not be resolved. See example below.
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
1. Constant
2. Logarithmic in the size of the container.
3. Constant
## Example
??? example
The example below shows how array elements can be read and written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different
exceptions that can be thrown.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/at__size_type.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/at__size_type.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how array elements can be read using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions
that can be thrown.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/at__size_type_const.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/at__size_type_const.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how object elements can be read and written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different
exceptions that can be thrown.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/at__object_t_key_type.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/at__object_t_key_type.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how object elements can be read using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions
that can be thrown.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/at__object_t_key_type_const.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/at__object_t_key_type_const.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how object elements can be read and written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different
exceptions that can be thrown.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/at_json_pointer.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/at_json_pointer.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how object elements can be read using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions
that can be thrown.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/at_json_pointer_const.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/at_json_pointer_const.output"
```
## Version history
1. Added in version 1.0.0.
2. Added in version 1.0.0.
3. Added in version 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::back
```cpp
reference back();
const_reference back() const;
```
Returns a reference to the last element in the container. For a JSON container `c`, the expression `c.back()` is
equivalent to
```cpp
auto tmp = c.end();
--tmp;
return *tmp;
```
## Return value
In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the last element is returned. In case of number, string,
boolean, or binary values, a reference to the value is returned.
## Exceptions
If the JSON value is `#!json null`, exception
[`invalid_iterator.214`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator214) is thrown.
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Note
!!! danger
Calling `back` on an empty array or object is undefined behavior and is **guarded by an assertion**!
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `back()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/back.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/back.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Adjusted code to return reference to binary values in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::basic_json
```cpp
// 1
basic_json(const value_t v);
// 2
basic_json(std::nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept;
// 3
template<typename CompatibleType>
basic_json(CompatibleType&& val) noexcept(noexcept(
JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(std::declval<basic_json_t&>(),
std::forward<CompatibleType>(val))));
// 4
template<typename BasicJsonType>
basic_json(const BasicJsonType& val);
// 5
basic_json(initializer_list_t init,
bool type_deduction = true,
value_t manual_type = value_t::array);
// 6
basic_json(size_type cnt, const basic_json& val);
// 7
basic_json(iterator first, iterator last);
basic_json(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
// 8
basic_json(const basic_json& other);
// 9
basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
```
1. Create an empty JSON value with a given type. The value will be default initialized with an empty value which depends
on the type:
Value type | initial value
----------- | -------------
null | `#!json null`
boolean | `#!json false`
string | `#!json ""`
number | `#!json 0`
object | `#!json {}`
array | `#!json []`
binary | empty array
2. Create a `#!json null` JSON value. It either takes a null pointer as parameter (explicitly creating `#!json null`)
or no parameter (implicitly creating `#!json null`). The passed null pointer itself is not read -- it is only used to
choose the right constructor.
3. This is a "catch all" constructor for all compatible JSON types; that is, types for which a `to_json()` method
exists. The constructor forwards the parameter `val` to that method (to `json_serializer<U>::to_json` method with
`U = uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`, to be exact).
Template type `CompatibleType` includes, but is not limited to, the following types:
- **arrays**: [`array_t`](array_t.md) and all kinds of compatible containers such as `std::vector`, `std::deque`,
`std::list`, `std::forward_list`, `std::array`, `std::valarray`, `std::set`, `std::unordered_set`, `std::multiset`,
and `std::unordered_multiset` with a `value_type` from which a `basic_json` value can be constructed.
- **objects**: [`object_t`](object_t.md) and all kinds of compatible associative containers such as `std::map`,
`std::unordered_map`, `std::multimap`, and `std::unordered_multimap` with a `key_type` compatible to `string_t`
and a `value_type` from which a `basic_json` value can be constructed.
- **strings**: `string_t`, string literals, and all compatible string containers can be used.
- **numbers**: [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md), [`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md),
[`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md), and all convertible number types such as `int`, `size_t`, `int64_t`, `float`
or `double` can be used.
- **boolean**: `boolean_t` / `bool` can be used.
- **binary**: `binary_t` / `std::vector<uint8_t>` may be used; unfortunately because string literals cannot be
distinguished from binary character arrays by the C++ type system, all types compatible with `const char*` will be
directed to the string constructor instead. This is both for backwards compatibility, and due to the fact that a
binary type is not a standard JSON type.
See the examples below.
4. This is a constructor for existing `basic_json` types. It does not hijack copy/move constructors, since the parameter
has different template arguments than the current ones.
The constructor tries to convert the internal `m_value` of the parameter.
5. Creates a JSON value of type array or object from the passed initializer list `init`. In case `type_deduction` is
`#!cpp true` (default), the type of the JSON value to be created is deducted from the initializer list `init`
according to the following rules:
1. If the list is empty, an empty JSON object value `{}` is created.
2. If the list consists of pairs whose first element is a string, a JSON object value is created where the first
elements of the pairs are treated as keys and the second elements are as values.
3. In all other cases, an array is created.
The rules aim to create the best fit between a C++ initializer list and JSON values. The rationale is as follows:
1. The empty initializer list is written as `#!cpp {}` which is exactly an empty JSON object.
2. C++ has no way of describing mapped types other than to list a list of pairs. As JSON requires that keys must be
of type string, rule 2 is the weakest constraint one can pose on initializer lists to interpret them as an
object.
3. In all other cases, the initializer list could not be interpreted as JSON object type, so interpreting it as JSON
array type is safe.
With the rules described above, the following JSON values cannot be expressed by an initializer list:
- the empty array (`#!json []`): use `array(initializer_list_t)` with an empty initializer list in this case
- arrays whose elements satisfy rule 2: use `array(initializer_list_t)` with the same initializer list in this case
6. Constructs a JSON array value by creating `cnt` copies of a passed value. In case `cnt` is `0`, an empty array is
created.
7. Constructs the JSON value with the contents of the range `[first, last)`. The semantics depends on the different
types a JSON value can have:
- In case of a `#!json null` type, [invalid_iterator.206](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator206)
is thrown.
- In case of other primitive types (number, boolean, or string), `first` must be `begin()` and `last` must be
`end()`. In this case, the value is copied. Otherwise,
[`invalid_iterator.204`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204) is thrown.
- In case of structured types (array, object), the constructor behaves as similar versions for `std::vector` or
`std::map`; that is, a JSON array or object is constructed from the values in the range.
8. Creates a copy of a given JSON value.
9. Move constructor. Constructs a JSON value with the contents of the given value `other` using move semantics. It
"steals" the resources from `other` and leaves it as JSON `#!json null` value.
## Template parameters
`CompatibleType`
: a type such that:
- `CompatibleType` is not derived from `std::istream`,
- `CompatibleType` is not `basic_json` (to avoid hijacking copy/move constructors),
- `CompatibleType` is not a different `basic_json` type (i.e. with different template arguments)
- `CompatibleType` is not a `basic_json` nested type (e.g., `json_pointer`, `iterator`, etc.)
- `json_serializer<U>` (with `U = uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`) has a `to_json(basic_json_t&, CompatibleType&&)`
method
`BasicJsonType`:
: a type such that:
- `BasicJsonType` is a `basic_json` type.
- `BasicJsonType` has different template arguments than `basic_json_t`.
## Parameters
`v` (in)
: the type of the value to create
`val` (in)
: the value to be forwarded to the respective constructor
`init` (in)
: initializer list with JSON values
`type_deduction` (in)
: internal parameter; when set to `#!cpp true`, the type of the JSON value is deducted from the initializer list
`init`; when set to `#!cpp false`, the type provided via `manual_type` is forced. This mode is used by the functions
`array(initializer_list_t)` and `object(initializer_list_t)`.
`manual_type` (in)
: internal parameter; when `type_deduction` is set to `#!cpp false`, the created JSON value will use the provided type
(only `value_t::array` and `value_t::object` are valid); when `type_deduction` is set to `#!cpp true`, this
parameter has no effect
`cnt` (in)
: the number of JSON copies of `val` to create
`first` (in)
: begin of the range to copy from (included)
`last` (in)
: end of the range to copy from (excluded)
`other` (in)
: the JSON value to copy/move
## Exceptions
1. /
2. The function does not throw exceptions.
3. /
4. /
5. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.301`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error301) if `type_deduction` is
`#!cpp false`, `manual_type` is `value_t::object`, but `init` contains an element which is not a pair whose first
element is a string. In this case, the constructor could not create an object. If `type_deduction` would have been
`#!cpp true`, an array would have been created. See `object(initializer_list_t)` for an example.
6. /
7. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.201`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator201) if iterators `first`
and `last` are not compatible (i.e., do not belong to the same JSON value). In this case, the range
`[first, last)` is undefined.
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.204`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204) if iterators `first`
and `last` belong to a primitive type (number, boolean, or string), but `first` does not point to the first
element any more. In this case, the range `[first, last)` is undefined. See example code below.
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.206`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator206) if iterators `first`
and `last` belong to a `#!json null` value. In this case, the range `[first, last)` is undefined.
8. /
9. The function does not throw exceptions.
## Exception safety
1. Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
2. No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws exceptions.
3. Depends on the called constructor. For types directly supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no
`to_json()` function was provided), strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any
JSON value.
4. Depends on the called constructor. For types directly supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no
`to_json()` function was provided), strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any
JSON value.
5. Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
6. Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
7. Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
8. Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
9. No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
1. Constant.
2. Constant.
3. Usually linear in the size of the passed `val`, also depending on the implementation of the called `to_json()`
method.
4. Usually linear in the size of the passed `val`, also depending on the implementation of the called `to_json()`
method.
5. Linear in the size of the initializer list `init`.
6. Linear in `cnt`.
7. Linear in distance between `first` and `last`.
8. Linear in the size of `other`.
9. Constant.
## Notes
- Overload 5:
!!! note
When used without parentheses around an empty initializer list, `basic_json()` is called instead of this
function, yielding the JSON `#!json null` value.
- Overload 7:
!!! info "Preconditions"
- Iterators `first` and `last` must be initialized. **This precondition is enforced with an assertion (see
warning).** If assertions are switched off, a violation of this precondition yields undefined behavior.
- Range `[first, last)` is valid. Usually, this precondition cannot be checked efficiently. Only certain edge
cases are detected; see the description of the exceptions above. A violation of this precondition yields
undefined behavior.
!!! warning
A precondition is enforced with a runtime assertion that will result in calling `std::abort` if this
precondition is not met. Assertions can be disabled by defining `NDEBUG` at compile time. See
<https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/assert> for more information.
- Overload 8:
!!! info "Postcondition"
`#!cpp *this == other`
- Overload 9:
!!! info "Postconditions"
- `#!cpp `*this` has the same value as `other` before the call.
- `other` is a JSON `#!json null` value
## Example
??? example
The following code shows the constructor for different `value_t` values.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__value_t.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__value_t.output"
```
??? example
The following code shows the constructor with and without a null pointer parameter.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__nullptr_t.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__nullptr_t.output"
```
??? example
The following code shows the constructor with several compatible types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__CompatibleType.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__CompatibleType.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how JSON values are created from initializer lists.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__list_init_t.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__list_init_t.output"
```
??? example
The following code shows examples for creating arrays with several copies of a given value.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__size_type_basic_json.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__size_type_basic_json.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows several ways to create JSON values by specifying a subrange with iterators.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__InputIt_InputIt.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__InputIt_InputIt.output"
```
??? example
The following code shows an example for the copy constructor.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__basic_json.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__basic_json.output"
```
??? example
The code below shows the move constructor explicitly called via `std::move`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__moveconstructor.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__moveconstructor.output"
```
## Version history
1. Since version 1.0.0.
2. Since version 1.0.0.
3. Since version 2.1.0.
4. Since version 3.2.0.
5. Since version 1.0.0.
6. Since version 1.0.0.
7. Since version 1.0.0.
8. Since version 1.0.0.
9. Since version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::begin
```cpp
iterator begin() noexcept;
const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
```
Returns an iterator to the first element.
![Illustration from cppreference.com](../../images/range-begin-end.svg)
## Return value
iterator to the first element
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `begin()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/begin.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/begin.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::binary
```cpp
// (1)
static basic_json binary(const typename binary_t::container_type& init);
static basic_json binary(typename binary_t::container_type&& init);
// (2)
static basic_json binary(const typename binary_t::container_type& init,
std::uint8_t subtype);
static basic_json binary(typename binary_t::container_type&& init,
std::uint8_t subtype);
```
1. Creates a JSON binary array value from a given binary container.
2. Creates a JSON binary array value from a given binary container with subtype.
Binary values are part of various binary formats, such as CBOR, MessagePack, and BSON. This constructor is used to
create a value for serialization to those formats.
## Parameters
`init` (in)
: container containing bytes to use as binary type
`subtype` (in)
: subtype to use in CBOR, MessagePack, and BSON
## Return value
JSON binary array value
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the size of `init`; constant for `typename binary_t::container_type&& init` versions.
## Notes
Note, this function exists because of the difficulty in correctly specifying the correct template overload in the
standard value ctor, as both JSON arrays and JSON binary arrays are backed with some form of a `std::vector`. Because
JSON binary arrays are a non-standard extension it was decided that it would be best to prevent automatic initialization
of a binary array type, for backwards compatibility and so it does not happen on accident.
## Version history
- Added in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::binary_t
```cpp
using binary_t = byte_container_with_subtype<BinaryType>;
```
This type is a type designed to carry binary data that appears in various serialized formats, such as CBOR's Major Type
2, MessagePack's bin, and BSON's generic binary subtype. This type is NOT a part of standard JSON and exists solely for
compatibility with these binary types. As such, it is simply defined as an ordered sequence of zero or more byte values.
Additionally, as an implementation detail, the subtype of the binary data is carried around as a `std::uint8_t`, which
is compatible with both of the binary data formats that use binary subtyping, (though the specific numbering is
incompatible with each other, and it is up to the user to translate between them).
[CBOR's RFC 7049](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049) describes this type as:
> Major type 2: a byte string. The string's length in bytes is represented following the rules for positive integers
> (major type 0).
[MessagePack's documentation on the bin type
family](https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md#bin-format-family) describes this type as:
> Bin format family stores an byte array in 2, 3, or 5 bytes of extra bytes in addition to the size of the byte array.
[BSON's specifications](http://bsonspec.org/spec.html) describe several binary types; however, this type is intended to
represent the generic binary type which has the description:
> Generic binary subtype - This is the most commonly used binary subtype and should be the 'default' for drivers and
> tools.
None of these impose any limitations on the internal representation other than the basic unit of storage be some type of
array whose parts are decomposable into bytes.
The default representation of this binary format is a `#!cpp std::vector<std::uint8_t>`, which is a very common way to
represent a byte array in modern C++.
## Template parameters
`BinaryType`
: container type to store arrays
## Notes
#### Default type
The default values for `BinaryType` is `#!cpp std::vector<std::uint8_t>`.
#### Storage
Binary Arrays are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for any access to array values, a pointer of the
type `#!cpp binary_t*` must be dereferenced.
#### Notes on subtypes
- CBOR
- Binary values are represented as byte strings. Subtypes are written as tags.
- MessagePack
- If a subtype is given and the binary array contains exactly 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 elements, the fixext family (fixext1,
fixext2, fixext4, fixext8) is used. For other sizes, the ext family (ext8, ext16, ext32) is used. The subtype is
then added as singed 8-bit integer.
- If no subtype is given, the bin family (bin8, bin16, bin32) is used.
- BSON
- If a subtype is given, it is used and added as unsigned 8-bit integer.
- If no subtype is given, the generic binary subtype 0x00 is used.
## Version history
- Added in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::boolean_t
```cpp
using boolean_t = BooleanType;
```
The type used to store JSON booleans.
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) implicitly describes a boolean as a type which differentiates the two literals
`#!json true` and `#!json false`.
To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter `BooleanType` which chooses the type to use.
## Notes
#### Default type
With the default values for `BooleanType` (`#!cpp bool`), the default value for `boolean_t` is `#!cpp bool`.
#### Storage
Boolean values are stored directly inside a `basic_json` type.
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::cbegin
```cpp
const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
```
Returns an iterator to the first element.
![Illustration from cppreference.com](../../images/range-begin-end.svg)
## Return value
iterator to the first element
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `cbegin()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/cbegin.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/cbegin.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::cbor_tag_handler_t
```cpp
enum class cbor_tag_handler_t
{
error,
ignore
};
```
This enumeration is used in the [`from_cbor`](from_cbor.md) function to choose how to treat tags:
error
: throw a `parse_error` exception in case of a tag
ignore
: ignore tags
## Version history
- Added in version 3.9.0.

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# basic_json::cend
```cpp
const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
```
Returns an iterator to one past the last element.
![Illustration from cppreference.com](../../images/range-begin-end.svg)
## Return value
iterator one past the last element
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `cend()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/cend.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/cend.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::clear
```cpp
void clear() noexcept;
```
Clears the content of a JSON value and resets it to the default value as if [`basic_json(value_t)`](basic_json.md) would
have been called with the current value type from [`type()`](type.md):
Value type | initial value
----------- | -------------
null | `null`
boolean | `false`
string | `""`
number | `0`
binary | An empty byte vector
object | `{}`
array | `[]`
Has the same effect as calling
```.cpp
*this = basic_json(type());
```
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Linear in the size of the JSON value.
## Notes
All iterators, pointers and references related to this container are invalidated.
## Example
??? example
The example below shows the effect of `clear()` to different
JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/clear.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/clear.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Added support for binary types in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::contains
```cpp
template<typename KeyT>
bool contains(KeyT && key) const;
```
Check whether an element exists in a JSON object with key equivalent to `key`. If the element is not found or the JSON
value is not an object, `#!cpp false` is returned.
## Template parameters
`KeyT`
: A type for an object key other than `basic_json::json_pointer`.
## Parameters
`key` (in)
: key value to check its existence.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if an element with specified `key` exists. If no such element with such key is found or the JSON value is
not an object, `#!cpp false` is returned.
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
## Notes
This method always returns `#!cpp false` when executed on a JSON type that is not an object.
## Example
??? example
The example shows how `contains()` is used.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contains.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/contains.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 3.6.0.

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# basic_json::count
```cpp
template<typename KeyT>
size_type count(KeyT&& key) const;
```
Returns the number of elements with key `key`. If `ObjectType` is the default `std::map` type, the return value will
always be `0` (`key` was not found) or `1` (`key` was found).
## Template parameters
`KeyT`
: A type for an object key.
## Parameters
`key` (in)
: key value of the element to count.
## Return value
Number of elements with key `key`. If the JSON value is not an object, the return value will be `0`.
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
## Notes
This method always returns `0` when executed on a JSON type that is not an object.
## Example
??? example
The example shows how `count()` is used.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/count.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/count.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::crbegin
```cpp
const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
```
Returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last element.
![Illustration from cppreference.com](../../images/range-rbegin-rend.svg)
## Return value
reverse iterator to the first element
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `crbegin()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/crbegin.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/crbegin.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::rend
```cpp
const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
```
Returns an iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before the first element. This element acts as a placeholder,
attempting to access it results in undefined behavior.
![Illustration from cppreference.com](../../images/range-rbegin-rend.svg)
## Return value
reverse iterator to the element following the last element
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `eend()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/crend.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/crend.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::diff
```cpp
static basic_json diff(const basic_json& source,
const basic_json& target);
```
Creates a [JSON Patch](http://jsonpatch.com) so that value `source` can be changed into the value `target` by calling
[`patch`](patch.md) function.
For two JSON values `source` and `target`, the following code yields always `#!cpp true`:
```cpp
source.patch(diff(source, target)) == target;
```
## Parameters
`source` (in)
: JSON value to compare from
`target` (in)
: JSON value to compare against
## Return value
a JSON patch to convert the `source` to `target`
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the lengths of `source` and `target`.
## Note
Currently, only `remove`, `add`, and `replace` operations are generated.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows how a JSON patch is created as a diff for two JSON values.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/diff.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/diff.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 2.0.0.

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string_t dump(const int indent = -1,
const char indent_char = ' ',
const bool ensure_ascii = false,
const error_handler_t error_handler = error_handler_t::strict) const
const error_handler_t error_handler = error_handler_t::strict) const;
```
Serialization function for JSON values. The function tries to mimic
Python's `json.dumps()` function, and currently supports its `indent`
and `ensure_ascii` parameters.
Serialization function for JSON values. The function tries to mimic Python's `json.dumps()` function, and currently
supports its `indent` and `ensure_ascii` parameters.
## Parameters
`indent` (in)
: If `indent` is nonnegative, then array elements and object
members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent level of
`0` will only insert newlines. `-1` (the default) selects the most compact
representation.
: If `indent` is nonnegative, then array elements and object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An
indent level of `0` will only insert newlines. `-1` (the default) selects the most compact representation.
`indent_char` (in)
: The character to use for indentation if `indent` is
greater than `0`. The default is ` ` (space).
: The character to use for indentation if `indent` is greater than `0`. The default is ` ` (space).
`ensure_ascii` (in)
: If `ensure_ascii` is true, all non-ASCII characters
in the output are escaped with `\uXXXX` sequences, and the result consists
of ASCII characters only.
: If `ensure_ascii` is true, all non-ASCII characters in the output are escaped with `\uXXXX` sequences, and the
result consists of ASCII characters only.
`error_handler` (in)
: how to react on decoding errors; there are three
possible values: `strict` (throws and exception in case a decoding error
occurs; default), `replace` (replace invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD),
and `ignore` (ignore invalid UTF-8 sequences during serialization; all
bytes are copied to the output unchanged).
: how to react on decoding errors; there are three possible values (see [`error_handler_t`](error_handler_t.md):
`strict` (throws and exception in case a decoding error occurs; default), `replace` (replace invalid UTF-8 sequences
with U+FFFD), and `ignore` (ignore invalid UTF-8 sequences during serialization; all bytes are copied to the output
unchanged).
## Return value
@ -41,8 +35,7 @@ string containing the serialization of the JSON value
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
changes to any JSON value.
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
## Complexity
@ -59,9 +52,8 @@ Binary values are serialized as object containing two keys:
??? example
The following example shows the effect of different `indent`,
`indent_char`, and `ensure_ascii` parameters to the result of the
serialization.
The following example shows the effect of different `indent`, `indent_char`, and `ensure_ascii` parameters to the
result of the serialization.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/dump.cpp"

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# basic_json::emplace
```cpp
template<class... Args>
std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&& ... args);
```
Inserts a new element into a JSON object constructed in-place with the given `args` if there is no element with the key
in the container. If the function is called on a JSON null value, an empty object is created before appending the value
created from `args`.
## Template parameters
`Args`
: compatible types to create a `basic_json` object
## Parameters
`args` (in)
: arguments to forward to a constructor of `basic_json`
## Return value
a pair consisting of an iterator to the inserted element, or the already-existing element if no insertion happened, and
a `#!cpp bool` denoting whether the insertion took place.
## Exceptions
Throws [`type_error.311`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error311) when called on a type other than JSON
object or `#!json null`; example: `"cannot use emplace() with number"`
## Complexity
Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
## Examples
??? example
The example shows how `emplace()` can be used to add elements to a JSON object. Note how the `#!json null` value was
silently converted to a JSON object. Further note how no value is added if there was already one value stored with
the same key.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/emplace.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/emplace.output"
```
## Version history
- Since version 2.0.8.

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# basic_json::emplace_back
```cpp
template<class... Args>
reference emplace_back(Args&& ... args);
```
Creates a JSON value from the passed parameters `args` to the end of the JSON value. If the function is called on a JSON
`#!json null` value, an empty array is created before appending the value created from `args`.
## Template parameters
`Args`
: compatible types to create a `basic_json` object
## Parameters
`args` (in)
: arguments to forward to a constructor of `basic_json`
## Return value
reference to the inserted element
## Exceptions
Throws [`type_error.311`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error311) when called on a type other than JSON
array or `#!json null`; example: `"cannot use emplace_back() with number"`
## Complexity
Amortized constant.
## Examples
??? example
The example shows how `emplace_back()` can be used to add elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value was
silently converted to a JSON array.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/emplace_back.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/emplace_back.output"
```
## Version history
- Since version 2.0.8.
- Returns reference since 3.7.0.

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# basic_json::empty
```cpp
bool empty() const noexcept;
```
Checks if a JSON value has no elements (i.e. whether its [`size()`](size.md) is `0`).
## Return value
The return value depends on the different types and is defined as follows:
Value type | return value
----------- | -------------
null | `#!cpp true`
boolean | `#!cpp false`
string | `#!cpp false`
number | `#!cpp false`
binary | `#!cpp false`
object | result of function `object_t::empty()`
array | result of function `array_t::empty()`
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant, as long as [`array_t`](array_t.md) and [`object_t`](object_t.md) satisfy the
[Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container) concept; that is, their `empty()` functions have
constant complexity.
## Possible implementation
```cpp
bool empty() const noexcept
{
return size() == 0;
}
```
## Notes
This function does not return whether a string stored as JSON value is empty -- it returns whether the JSON container
itself is empty which is `#!cpp false` in the case of a string.
## Example
??? example
The following code uses `empty()` to check if a JSON object contains any elements.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/empty.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/empty.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Extended to return `#!cpp false` for binary types in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::end
```cpp
iterator end() noexcept;
const_iterator end() const noexcept;
```
Returns an iterator to one past the last element.
![Illustration from cppreference.com](../../images/range-begin-end.svg)
## Return value
iterator one past the last element
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `end()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/end.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/end.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::erase
```cpp
// (1)
iterator erase(iterator pos);
const_iterator erase(const_iterator pos);
// (2)
iterator erase(iterator first, iterator last);
const_iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
// (3)
size_type erase(const typename object_t::key_type& key);
// (4)
void erase(const size_type idx);
```
1. Removes an element from a JSON value specified by iterator `pos`. The iterator `pos` must be valid and
dereferenceable. Thus the `end()` iterator (which is valid, but is not dereferenceable) cannot be used as a value for
`pos`.
If called on a primitive type other than `#!json null`, the resulting JSON value will be `#!json null`.
2. Remove an element range specified by `[first; last)` from a JSON value. The iterator `first` does not need to be
dereferenceable if `first == last`: erasing an empty range is a no-op.
If called on a primitive type other than `#!json null`, the resulting JSON value will be `#!json null`.
3. Removes an element from a JSON object by key.
4. Removes an element from a JSON array by index.
## Parameters
`pos` (in)
: iterator to the element to remove
`first` (in)
: iterator to the beginning of the range to remove
`last` (in)
: iterator past the end of the range to remove
`key` (in)
: object key of the elements to remove
`idx` (in)
: array index of the element to remove
## Return value
1. Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator `pos` refers to the last element, the `end()` iterator
is returned.
2. Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator `last` refers to the last element, the `end()` iterator
is returned.
3. Number of elements removed. If `ObjectType` is the default `std::map` type, the return value will always be `0`
(`key` was not found) or `1` (`key` was found).
4. /
## Exceptions
1. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.307`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error307) if called on a `null` value;
example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.202`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202) if called on an
iterator which does not belong to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.205`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator205) if called on a
primitive type with invalid iterator (i.e., any iterator which is not `begin()`); example: `"iterator out of
range"`
2. The function can throw thw following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.307`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error307) if called on a `null` value;
example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.203`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator203) if called on iterators
which does not belong to the current JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit current value"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.204`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204) if called on a
primitive type with invalid iterators (i.e., if `first != begin()` and `last != end()`); example: `"iterators out
of range"`
3. The function can throw thw following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.307`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error307) when called on a type other than
JSON object; example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
4. The function can throw thw following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.307`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error307) when called on a type other than
JSON object; example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
- Throws [`out_of_range.401`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range401) when `idx >= size()`; example:
`"array index 17 is out of range"`
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
1. The complexity depends on the type:
- objects: amortized constant
- arrays: linear in distance between `pos` and the end of the container
- strings and binary: linear in the length of the member
- other types: constant
2. The complexity depends on the type:
- objects: `log(size()) + std::distance(first, last)`
- arrays: linear in the distance between `first` and `last`, plus linear
in the distance between `last` and end of the container
- strings and binary: linear in the length of the member
- other types: constant
3. `log(size()) + count(key)`
4. Linear in distance between `idx` and the end of the container.
## Notes
1. Invalidates iterators and references at or after the point of the
erase, including the `end()` iterator.
2. /
3. References and iterators to the erased elements are invalidated. Other references and iterators are not affected.
4. /
## Example
??? example
The example shows the effect of `erase()` for different JSON types using an iterator.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/erase__IteratorType.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/erase__IteratorType.output"
```
??? example
The example shows the effect of `erase()` for different JSON types using an iterator range.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/erase__IteratorType_IteratorType.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/erase__IteratorType_IteratorType.output"
```
??? example
The example shows the effect of `erase()` for different JSON types using an object key.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/erase__key_type.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/erase__key_type.output"
```
??? example
The example shows the effect of `erase()` using an array index.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/erase__size_type.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/erase__size_type.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Added support for binary types in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::error_handler_t
```cpp
enum class error_handler_t {
strict,
replace,
ignore
};
```
This enumeration is used in the [`dump`](dump.md) function to choose how to treat decoding errors while serializing a
`basic_json` value. Three values are differentiated:
strict
: throw a `type_error` exception in case of invalid UTF-8
replace
: replace invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD (<28> REPLACEMENT CHARACTER)
ignore
: ignore invalid UTF-8 sequences; all bytes are copied to the output unchanged
## Version history
- Added in version 3.4.0.

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# basic_json::exception
```cpp
class exception : public std::exception;
```
This class is an extension of [`std::exception`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception) objects with a
member `id` for exception ids. It is used as the base class for all exceptions thrown by the `basic_json` class. This
class can hence be used as "wildcard" to catch exceptions, see example below.
```plantuml
std::exception <|-- basic_json::exception
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::parse_error
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::invalid_iterator
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::type_error
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::out_of_range
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::other_error
interface std::exception {}
class basic_json::exception #FFFF00 {
+ const int id
+ const char* what() const
}
class basic_json::parse_error {
+ const std::size_t byte
}
```
Subclasses:
- [`parse_error`](parse_error.md) for exceptions indicating a parse error
- [`invalid_iterator`](invalid_iterator.md) for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
- [`type_error`](type_error.md) for exceptions indicating executing a member function with a wrong type
- [`out_of_range`](out_of_range.md) for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
- [`other_error`](other_error.md) for exceptions indicating other library errors
## Member functions
- **what** - returns explanatory string
## Member variables
- **id** - the id of the exception
## Example
??? example
The following code shows how arbitrary library exceptions can be caught.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exception.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/exception.output"
```
## Version history
- Since version 3.0.0.

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# basic_json::find
```cpp
template<typename KeyT>
iterator find(KeyT&& key);
template<typename KeyT>
const_iterator find(KeyT&& key) const
```
Finds an element in a JSON object with key equivalent to `key`. If the element is not found or the JSON value is not an
object, `end()` is returned.
## Template parameters
`KeyT`
: A type for an object key.
## Parameters
`key` (in)
: key value of the element to search for.
## Return value
Iterator to an element with key equivalent to `key`. If no such element is found or the JSON value is not an object,
past-the-end (see `end()`) iterator is returned.
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
## Notes
This method always returns `end()` when executed on a JSON type that is not an object.
## Example
??? example
The example shows how `find()` is used.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/find__key_type.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/find__key_type.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::flatten
```cpp
basic_json flatten() const;
```
The function creates a JSON object whose keys are JSON pointers (see [RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901))
and whose values are all primitive (see [`is_primitive()`](is_primitive.md) for more information). The original JSON
value can be restored using the [`unflatten()`](unflatten.md) function.
## Return value
an object that maps JSON pointers to primitive values
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
Linear in the size the JSON value.
## Notes
Empty objects and arrays are flattened to `#!json null` and will not be reconstructed correctly by the
[`unflatten()`](unflatten.md) function.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows how a JSON object is flattened to an object whose keys consist of JSON pointers.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/flatten.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/flatten.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::from_bson
```cpp
// (1)
template<typename InputType>
static basic_json from_bson(InputType&& i,
const bool strict = true,
const bool allow_exceptions = true);
// (2)
template<typename IteratorType>
static basic_json from_bson(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
const bool strict = true,
const bool allow_exceptions = true);
```
Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the BSON (Binary JSON) serialization format.
1. Reads from a compatible input.
2. Reads from an iterator range.
## Template parameters
`InputType`
: A compatible input, for instance:
- an `std::istream` object
- a `FILE` pointer
- a C-style array of characters
- a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
- an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
`IteratorType`
: a compatible iterator type
## Parameters
`i` (in)
: an input in BSON format convertible to an input adapter
`first` (in)
: iterator to start of the input
`last` (in)
: iterator to end of the input
`strict` (in)
: whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
`allow_exceptions` (in)
: whether to throw exceptions in case of a parse error (optional, `#!cpp true` by default)
## Return value
deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and `allow_exceptions` set to `#!cpp false`, the return value will be
`value_t::discarded`. The latter can be checked with [`is_discarded`](is_discarded.md).
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the size of the input.
## Example
??? example
The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in BSON format to a JSON value.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/from_bson.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/from_bson.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 3.4.0.

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# basic_json::from_cbor
```cpp
// (1)
template<typename InputType>
static basic_json from_cbor(InputType&& i,
const bool strict = true,
const bool allow_exceptions = true,
const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error);
// (2)
template<typename IteratorType>
static basic_json from_cbor(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
const bool strict = true,
const bool allow_exceptions = true,
const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error);
```
Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation) serialization format.
1. Reads from a compatible input.
2. Reads from an iterator range.
## Template parameters
`InputType`
: A compatible input, for instance:
- an `std::istream` object
- a `FILE` pointer
- a C-style array of characters
- a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
- an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
`IteratorType`
: a compatible iterator type
## Parameters
`i` (in)
: an input in CBOR format convertible to an input adapter
`first` (in)
: iterator to start of the input
`last` (in)
: iterator to end of the input
`strict` (in)
: whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
`allow_exceptions` (in)
: whether to throw exceptions in case of a parse error (optional, `#!cpp true` by default)
`tag_handler` (in)
: how to treat CBOR tags (optional, `error` by default); see [`cbor_tag_handler_t`](cbor_tag_handler_t.md) for more
information
## Return value
deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and `allow_exceptions` set to `#!cpp false`, the return value will be
`value_t::discarded`. The latter can be checked with [`is_discarded`](is_discarded.md).
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the size of the input.
## Example
??? example
The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in CBOR format to a JSON value.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/from_cbor.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/from_cbor.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 2.0.9.
- Parameter `start_index` since version 2.1.1.
- Changed to consume input adapters, removed `start_index` parameter, and added `strict` parameter in version 3.0.0.
- Added `allow_exceptions` parameter in version 3.2.0.
- Added `tag_handler` parameter in version 3.9.0.

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# basic_json::from_msgpack
```cpp
// (1)
template<typename InputType>
static basic_json from_msgpack(InputType&& i,
const bool strict = true,
const bool allow_exceptions = true);
// (2)
template<typename IteratorType>
static basic_json from_msgpack(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
const bool strict = true,
const bool allow_exceptions = true);
```
Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the MessagePack serialization format.
1. Reads from a compatible input.
2. Reads from an iterator range.
## Template parameters
`InputType`
: A compatible input, for instance:
- an `std::istream` object
- a `FILE` pointer
- a C-style array of characters
- a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
- an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
`IteratorType`
: a compatible iterator type
## Parameters
`i` (in)
: an input in MessagePack format convertible to an input adapter
`first` (in)
: iterator to start of the input
`last` (in)
: iterator to end of the input
`strict` (in)
: whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
`allow_exceptions` (in)
: whether to throw exceptions in case of a parse error (optional, `#!cpp true` by default)
## Return value
deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and `allow_exceptions` set to `#!cpp false`, the return value will be
`value_t::discarded`. The latter can be checked with [`is_discarded`](is_discarded.md).
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the size of the input.
## Example
??? example
The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in MessagePack format to a JSON value.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/from_msgpack.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/from_msgpack.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 2.0.9.
- Parameter `start_index` since version 2.1.1.
- Changed to consume input adapters, removed `start_index` parameter, and added `strict` parameter in version 3.0.0.
- Added `allow_exceptions` parameter in version 3.2.0.

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# basic_json::from_ubjson
```cpp
// (1)
template<typename InputType>
static basic_json from_ubjson(InputType&& i,
const bool strict = true,
const bool allow_exceptions = true);
// (2)
template<typename IteratorType>
static basic_json from_ubjson(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
const bool strict = true,
const bool allow_exceptions = true);
```
Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the UBJSON (Universal Binary JSON) serialization format.
1. Reads from a compatible input.
2. Reads from an iterator range.
## Template parameters
`InputType`
: A compatible input, for instance:
- an `std::istream` object
- a `FILE` pointer
- a C-style array of characters
- a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
- an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
`IteratorType`
: a compatible iterator type
## Parameters
`i` (in)
: an input in UBJSON format convertible to an input adapter
`first` (in)
: iterator to start of the input
`last` (in)
: iterator to end of the input
`strict` (in)
: whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
`allow_exceptions` (in)
: whether to throw exceptions in case of a parse error (optional, `#!cpp true` by default)
## Return value
deserialized JSON value; in case of a parse error and `allow_exceptions` set to `#!cpp false`, the return value will be
`value_t::discarded`. The latter can be checked with [`is_discarded`](is_discarded.md).
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the size of the input.
## Example
??? example
The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in UBJSON format to a JSON value.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/from_ubjson.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/from_ubjson.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 3.1.0.
- Added `allow_exceptions` parameter in version 3.2.0.

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# basic_json::front
```cpp
reference front();
const_reference front() const;
```
Returns a reference to the first element in the container. For a JSON container `#!cpp c`, the expression
`#!cpp c.front()` is equivalent to `#!cpp *c.begin()`.
## Return value
In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the first element is returned. In case of number, string,
boolean, or binary values, a reference to the value is returned.
## Exceptions
If the JSON value is `#!json null`, exception
[`invalid_iterator.214`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator214) is thrown.
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Note
!!! danger
Calling `front` on an empty array or object is undefined behavior and is **guarded by an assertion**!
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `front()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/front.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/front.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Adjusted code to return reference to binary values in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::get
```cpp
// (1)
template<typename ValueType>
ValueType get() const noexcept(
noexcept(JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(
std::declval<const basic_json_t&>(), std::declval<ValueType&>())));
// (2)
template<typename BasicJsonType>
BasicJsonType get() const;
// (3)
template<typename PointerType>
PointerType get_ptr();
template<typename PointerType>
constexpr const PointerType get_ptr() const noexcept;
```
1. Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value which is
[CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible) and
[DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible). The value is converted by
calling the `json_serializer<ValueType>` `from_json()` method.
The function is equivalent to executing
```cpp
ValueType ret;
JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
return ret;
```
This overloads is chosen if:
- `ValueType` is not `basic_json`,
- `json_serializer<ValueType>` has a `from_json()` method of the form
`void from_json(const basic_json&, ValueType&)`, and
- `json_serializer<ValueType>` does not have a `from_json()` method of the form
`ValueType from_json(const basic_json&)`
If the type is **not** [CopyConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/CopyConstructible) and
**not** [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible), the value is
converted by calling the `json_serializer<ValueType>` `from_json()` method.
The function is then equivalent to executing
```cpp
return JSONSerializer<ValueTypeCV>::from_json(*this);
```
This overloads is chosen if:
- `ValueType` is not `basic_json` and
- `json_serializer<ValueType>` has a `from_json()` method of the form
`ValueType from_json(const basic_json&)`
If `json_serializer<ValueType>` has both overloads of `from_json()`, the latter one is chosen.
2. Overload for `basic_json` specializations. The function is equivalent to executing
```cpp
return *this;
```
3. Explicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are made.
## Template parameters
`ValueType`
: the value type to return
`BasicJsonType`
: a specialization of `basic_json`
`PointerType`
: pointer type; must be a pointer to [`array_t`](array_t.md), [`object_t`](object_t.md), [`string_t`](string_t.md),
[`boolean_t`](boolean_t.md), [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md), or
[`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md), [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md), or [`binary_t`](binary_t.md).
Other types will not compile.
## Return value
1. copy of the JSON value, converted to `ValueType`
2. a copy of `#!cpp *this`, converted into `BasicJsonType`
3. pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested pointer type fits to the JSON value; `#!cpp nullptr`
otherwise
## Exceptions
Depends on what `json_serializer<ValueType>` `from_json()` method throws
## Notes
!!! warning
Writing data to the pointee (overload 3) of the result yields an undefined state.
## Example
??? example
The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
be converted to integers, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
`std::vector<short>`, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string, json>`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/get__ValueType_const.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/get__ValueType_const.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a JSON value can be requested. Note that no type
conversions are made and a `#cpp nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not match.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/get__PointerType.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/get__PointerType.output"
```
## Version history
1. Since version 2.1.0.
2. Since version 2.1.0. Extended to work with other specializations of `basic_json` in version 3.2.0.
3. Since version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::get_allocator
```cpp
static allocator_type get_allocator();
```
Returns the allocator associated with the container.
## Return value
associated allocator
## Version history
- Unknown.

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# basic_json::get_binary
```cpp
binary_t& get_binary();
const binary_t& get_binary() const;
```
Returns a reference to the stored binary value.
## Return value
Reference to binary value.
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Exceptions
Throws [`type_error.302`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error302) if the value is not binary
## Complexity
Constant.
## Version history
- Added in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::get_ptr
```cpp
template<typename PointerType>
PointerType get_ptr();
template<typename PointerType>
constexpr const PointerType get_ptr() const noexcept;
```
Implicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are made.
## Template arguments
`PointerType`
: pointer type; must be a pointer to [`array_t`](array_t.md), [`object_t`](object_t.md), [`string_t`](string_t.md),
[`boolean_t`](boolean_t.md), [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md), or
[`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md), [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md), or [`binary_t`](binary_t.md).
Other types will not compile.
## Return value
pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested pointer type fits to the JSON value; `#!cpp nullptr`
otherwise
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Notes
!!! warning
Writing data to the pointee of the result yields an undefined state.
## Example
??? example
The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a JSON value can be requested. Note that no type
conversions are made and a `#!cpp nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not match.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/get_ptr.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/get_ptr.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Extended to binary types in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::get_ref
```cpp
template<typename ReferenceType>
ReferenceType get_ref();
template<typename ReferenceType>
const ReferenceType get_ref() const;
```
Implicit reference access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are made.
## Template arguments
`ReferenceType`
: reference type; must be a reference to [`array_t`](array_t.md), [`object_t`](object_t.md),
[`string_t`](string_t.md), [`boolean_t`](boolean_t.md), [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md), or
[`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md), [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md), or [`binary_t`](binary_t.md).
Enforced by static assertion.
## Return value
reference to the internally stored JSON value if the requested reference type fits to the JSON value; throws
[`type_error.303`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error303) otherwise
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Exceptions
Throws [`type_error.303`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error303) if the requested reference type does not
match the stored JSON value type; example: `"incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is binary"`.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Notes
!!! warning
Writing data to the referee of the result yields an undefined state.
## Example
??? example
The example shows several calls to `get_ref()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/get_ref.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/get_ref.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.1.0.
- Extended to binary types in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::get_to
```cpp
template<typename ValueType>
ValueType& get_to(ValueType& v) const noexcept(
noexcept(JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(
std::declval<const basic_json_t&>(), v)))
```
Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value. The value is filled into the input parameter by
calling the `json_serializer<ValueType>` `from_json()` method.
The function is equivalent to executing
```cpp
ValueType v;
JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, v);
```
This overloads is chosen if:
- `ValueType` is not `basic_json`,
- `json_serializer<ValueType>` has a `from_json()` method of the form `void from_json(const basic_json&, ValueType&)`
## Template parameters
`ValueType`
: the value type to return
## Return value
the input parameter, allowing chaining calls
## Exceptions
Depends on what `json_serializer<ValueType>` `from_json()` method throws
## Example
??? example
The example below shows several conversions from JSON values to other types. There a few things to note: (1)
Floating-point numbers can be converted to integers, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
`#!cpp std::vector<short>`, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++ associative containers such as
`#cpp std::unordered_map<std::string, json>`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/get_to.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/get_to.output"
```
## Version history
- Since version 3.3.0.

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# basic_json
!!! note
This page is under construction.
Defined in header `<json.hpp>`
```cpp
template<template<typename, typename, typename...> class ObjectType,
template<typename, typename...> class ArrayType,
class StringType, class BooleanType, class NumberIntegerType,
class NumberUnsignedType, class NumberFloatType,
template<typename> class AllocatorType,
template<typename, typename = void> class JSONSerializer,
class BinaryType>
class basic_json
template<
template<typename U, typename V, typename... Args> class ObjectType = std::map,
template<typename U, typename... Args> class ArrayType = std::vector,
class StringType = std::string,
class BooleanType = bool,
class NumberIntegerType = std::int64_t,
class NumberUnsignedType = std::uint64_t,
class NumberFloatType = double,
template<typename U> class AllocatorType = std::allocator,
template<typename T, typename SFINAE = void> class JSONSerializer = adl_serializer,
class BinaryType = std::vector<std::uint8_t>
>
class basic_json;
```
## Specializations
- json
- ordered_json
- [**json**](../json.md) - default specialization
- [**ordered_json**](../ordered_json.md) - specialization that maintains the insertion order of object keys
## Template parameters
- ObjectType
- ArrayType
- StringType
- BooleanType
- NumberIntegerType
- NumberUnsignedType
- NumberFloatType
- AllocatorType
- JSONSerializer
- BinaryType
| Template parameter | Description | Derived type |
| -------------------- | ----------- | ------------ |
| `ObjectType` | type for JSON objects | [`object_t`](object_t.md) |
| `ArrayType` | type for JSON arrays | [`array_t`](array_t.md) |
| `StringType` | type for JSON strings and object keys | [`string_t`](string_t.md) |
| `BooleanType` | type for JSON booleans | [`boolean_t`](boolean_t.md) |
| `NumberIntegerType` | type for JSON integer numbers | [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md) |
| `NumberUnsignedType` | type for JSON unsigned integer numbers | [`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md) |
| `NumberFloatType` | type for JSON floating-point numbers | [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md) |
| `AllocatorType` | type of the allocator to use | |
| `JSONSerializer` | the serializer to resolve internal calls to `to_json()` and `from_json()` | [`json_serializer`](json_serializer.md) |
| `BinaryType` | type for binary arrays | [`binary_t`](binary_t.md) |
## Iterator invalidation
Todo
## Member types
- value_t
- json_pointer
- json_serializer
- error_handler_t
- cbor_tag_handler_t
- [**adl_serializer**](../adl_serializer.md) - the default serializer
- [**value_t**](value_t.md) - the JSON type enumeration
- [**json_pointer**](../json_pointer.md) - JSON Pointer implementation
- [**json_serializer**](json_serializer.md) - type of the serializer to for conversions from/to JSON
- [**error_handler_t**](error_handler_t.md) - type to choose behavior on decoding errors
- [**cbor_tag_handler_t**](cbor_tag_handler_t.md) - type to choose how to handle CBOR tags
- initializer_list_t
- input_format_t
- [**input_format_t**](input_format_t.md) - type to choose the format to parse
- json_sax_t
### Exceptions
- exception
- parse_error
- invalid_iterator
- type_error
- out_of_range
- other_error
- [**exception**](exception.md) - general exception of the `basic_json` class
- [**parse_error**](parse_error.md) - exception indicating a parse error
- [**invalid_iterator**](invalid_iterator.md) - exception indicating errors with iterators
- [**type_error**](type_error.md) - exception indicating executing a member function with a wrong type
- [**out_of_range**](out_of_range.md) - exception indicating access out of the defined range
- [**other_error**](other_error.md) - exception indicating other library errors
### Container types
- value_type
- reference
- const_reference
- difference_type
- size_type
- allocator_type
- pointer
- const_pointer
- iterator
- const_iterator
- reverse_iterator
- const_reverse_iterator
| Type | Definition |
| ------------------------ | ---------- |
| `value_type` | `#!cpp basic_json` |
| `reference` | `#!cpp value_type&` |
| `const_reference` | `#!cpp const value_type&` |
| `difference_type` | `#!cpp std::ptrdiff_t` |
| `size_type` | `#!cpp std::size_t` |
| `allocator_type` | `#!cpp AllocatorType<basic_json>` |
| `pointer` | `#!cpp std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer` |
| `const_pointer` | `#!cpp std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer` |
| `iterator` | [LegacyBidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator) |
| `const_iterator` | constant [LegacyBidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator) |
| `reverse_iterator` | reverse iterator, derived from `iterator` |
| `const_reverse_iterator` | reverse iterator, derived from `const_iterator` |
| `iteration_proxy` | helper type for [`items`](items.md) function |
### JSON value data types
- object_comparator_t
- object_t
- array_t
- string_t
- boolean_t
- number_integer_t
- number_unsigned_t
- number_float_t
- binary_t
- [**array_t**](array_t.md) - type for arrays
- [**binary_t**](binary_t.md) - type for binary arrays
- [**boolean_t**](boolean_t.md) - type for booleans
- [**number_float_t**](number_float_t.md) - type for numbers (floating-point)
- [**number_integer_t**](number_integer_t.md) - type for numbers (integer)
- [**number_unsigned_t**](number_unsigned_t.md) - type for numbers (unsigned)
- [**object_comparator_t**](object_comparator_t.md) - comparator for objects
- [**object_t**](object_t.md) - type for objects
- [**string_t**](string_t.md) - type for strings
### Parser callback
- parse_event_t
- parser_callback_t
- [**parse_event_t**](parse_event_t.md) - parser event types
- [**parser_callback_t**](parser_callback_t.md) - per-element parser callback type
## Member functions
- (constructor)
- (destructor)
- binary (static) - explicitly create a binary array
- array (static) - explicitly create an array
- object (static) - explicitly create an object
- operator= - copy assignment
- [(constructor)](basic_json.md)
- [(destructor)](~basic_json.md)
- [**operator=**](operator=.md) - copy assignment
- [**array**](array_t.md) (static) - explicitly create an array
- [**binary**](binary.md) (static) - explicitly create a binary array
- [**object**](object_t.md) (static) - explicitly create an object
### Object inspection
Functions to inspect the type of a JSON value.
- type - return the type of the JSON value
- is_primitive - return whether type is primitive
- is_structured - return whether type is structured
- is_null - return whether value is null
- is_boolean - return whether value is a boolean
- is_number - return whether value is a number
- is_number_integer - return whether value is an integer number
- is_number_unsigned - return whether value is an unsigned integer number
- is_number_float - return whether value is a floating-point number
- is_object - return whether value is an object
- is_array - return whether value is an array
- is_string - return whether value is a string
- is_binary - return whether value is a binary array
- is_discarded - return whether value is discarded
- operator value_t - return the type of the JSON value
- [**type**](type.md) - return the type of the JSON value
- [**operator value_t**](operator_value_t.md) - return the type of the JSON value
- [**type_name**](type_name.md) - return the type as string
- [**is_primitive**](is_primitive.md) - return whether type is primitive
- [**is_structured**](is_structured.md) - return whether type is structured
- [**is_null**](is_null.md) - return whether value is null
- [**is_boolean**](is_boolean.md) - return whether value is a boolean
- [**is_number**](is_number.md) - return whether value is a number
- [**is_number_integer**](is_number_integer.md) - return whether value is an integer number
- [**is_number_unsigned**](is_number_unsigned.md) - return whether value is an unsigned integer number
- [**is_number_float**](is_number_float.md) - return whether value is a floating-point number
- [**is_object**](is_object.md) - return whether value is an object
- [**is_array**](is_array.md) - return whether value is an array
- [**is_string**](is_string.md) - return whether value is a string
- [**is_binary**](is_binary.md) - return whether value is a binary array
- [**is_discarded**](is_discarded.md) - return whether value is discarded
### Value access
Direct access to the stored value of a JSON value.
- get - get a value
- get_to - get a value
- get_ptr - get a pointer value
- get_ref - get a reference value
- operator ValueType - get a value
- get_binary - get a binary value
- [**get**](get.md) - get a value
- [**get_to**](get_to.md) - get a value and write it to a destination
- [**get_ptr**](get_ptr.md) - get a pointer value
- [**get_ref**](get_ref.md) - get a reference value
- [**operator ValueType**](operator_ValueType.md) - get a value
- [**get_binary**](get_binary.md) - get a binary value
### Element access
Access to the JSON value
- at - access specified array element with bounds checking
- at - access specified object element with bounds checking
- operator[] - access specified array element
- operator[] - access specified object element
- value - access specified object element with default value
- front - access the first element
- back - access the last element
- erase - remove elements
- [**at**](at.md) - access specified element with bounds checking
- [**operator[]**](operator[].md) - access specified element
- [**value**](value.md) - access specified object element with default value
- [**front**](front.md) - access the first element
- [**back**](back.md) - access the last element
### Lookup
- find - find an element in a JSON object
- count - returns the number of occurrences of a key in a JSON object
- contains - check the existence of an element in a JSON object
- [**find**](find.md) - find an element in a JSON object
- [**count**](count.md) - returns the number of occurrences of a key in a JSON object
- [**contains**](contains.md) - check the existence of an element in a JSON object
### Iterators
- begin - returns an iterator to the first element
- cbegin - returns a const iterator to the first element
- end - returns an iterator to one past the last element
- cend - returns a const iterator to one past the last element
- rbegin - returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning
- rend - returns an iterator to the reverse-end
- crbegin - returns a const iterator to the reverse-beginning
- crend - returns a const iterator to the reverse-end
- items - wrapper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
- [**begin**](begin.md) - returns an iterator to the first element
- [**cbegin**](cbegin.md) - returns a const iterator to the first element
- [**end**](end.md) - returns an iterator to one past the last element
- [**cend**](cend.md) - returns a const iterator to one past the last element
- [**rbegin**](rbegin.md) - returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning
- [**rend**](rend.md) - returns an iterator to the reverse-end
- [**crbegin**](crbegin.md) - returns a const iterator to the reverse-beginning
- [**crend**](crend.md) - returns a const iterator to the reverse-end
- [**items**](items.md) - wrapper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
### Capacity
- empty - checks whether the container is empty
- size - returns the number of elements
- max_size - returns the maximum possible number of elements
- [**empty**](empty.md) - checks whether the container is empty
- [**size**](size.md) - returns the number of elements
- [**max_size**](max_size.md) - returns the maximum possible number of elements
### Modifiers
- clear - clears the contents
- push_back - add an object to an array
- operator+= - add an object to an array
- push_back - add an object to an object
- operator+= - add an object to an object
- emplace_back - add an object to an array
- emplace - add an object to an object if key does not exist
- insert - inserts element
- update - updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys
- [**clear**](clear.md) - clears the contents
- [**push_back**](push_back.md) - add a value to an array/object
- [**operator+=**](operator+=.md) - add a value to an array/object
- [**emplace_back**](emplace_back.md) - add a value to an array
- [**emplace**](emplace.md) - add a value to an object if key does not exist
- [**erase**](erase.md) - remove elements
- [**insert**](insert.md) - inserts elements
- [**update**](update.md) - updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys
- swap - exchanges the values
### Lexicographical comparison operators
- operator== - comparison: equal
- operator!= - comparison: not equal
- operator< - comparison: less than
- operator<= - comparison: less than or equal
- operator> - comparison: greater than
- operator>= - comparison: greater than or equal
- [**operator==**](operator_eq.md) - comparison: equal
- [**operator!=**](operator_ne.md) - comparison: not equal
- [**operator<**](operator_lt.md) - comparison: less than
- [**operator<=**](operator_le.md) - comparison: less than or equal
- [**operator>**](operator_gt.md) - comparison: greater than
- [**operator>=**](operator_ge.md) - comparison: greater than or equal
### Serialization
### Serialization / Dumping
- [**dump**](dump.md) - serialization
- to_string - user-defined to_string function for JSON values
### Deserialization
### Deserialization / Parsing
- [**parse**](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
- accept - check if the input is valid JSON
- sax_parse - generate SAX events
### Convenience functions
- type_name - return the type as string
- [**parse**](parse.md) (static) - deserialize from a compatible input
- [**accept**](accept.md) (static) - check if the input is valid JSON
- [**sax_parse**](sax_parse.md) (static) - generate SAX events
### JSON Pointer functions
- at - access specified object element with bounds checking via JSON Pointer
- operator[] - access specified element via JSON Pointer
- value - access specified object element with default value via JSON Pointer
- flatten - return flattened JSON value
- unflatten - unflatten a previously flattened JSON value
- [**flatten**](flatten.md) - return flattened JSON value
- [**unflatten**](unflatten.md) - unflatten a previously flattened JSON value
### JSON Patch functions
- patch - applies a JSON patch
- diff (static) - creates a diff as a JSON patch
- [**patch**](patch.md) - applies a JSON patch
- [**diff**](diff.md) (static) - creates a diff as a JSON patch
### JSON Merge Patch functions
- merge_patch - applies a JSON Merge Patch
- [**merge_patch**](merge_patch.md) - applies a JSON Merge Patch
## Static functions
- [**meta**](meta.md) - returns version information on the library
- get_allocator - returns the allocator associated with the container
- [**get_allocator**](get_allocator.md) - returns the allocator associated with the container
### Binary formats
- to_cbor - create a CBOR serialization of a given JSON value
- to_msgpack - create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
- to_ubjson - create a UBJSON serialization of a given JSON value
- to_bson - create a BSON serialization of a given JSON value
- from_cbor - create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format
- from_msgpack - create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
- from_ubjson - create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
- from_bson - create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
- [**from_bson**](from_bson.md) (static) - create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
- [**from_cbor**](from_cbor.md) (static) - create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format
- [**from_msgpack**](from_msgpack.md) (static) - create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
- [**from_ubjson**](from_ubjson.md) (static) - create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
- [**to_bson**](to_bson.md) (static) - create a BSON serialization of a given JSON value
- [**to_cbor**](to_cbor.md) (static) - create a CBOR serialization of a given JSON value
- [**to_msgpack**](to_msgpack.md) (static) - create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
- [**to_ubjson**](to_ubjson.md) (static) - create a UBJSON serialization of a given JSON value
## Non-member functions
@ -243,8 +242,8 @@ Access to the JSON value
## Literals
- operator""_json
- operator""_json_pointer
- [**operator""_json**](operator_literal_json.md) - user-defined string literal for JSON values
- [**operator""_json_pointer**](operator_literal_json_pointer.md) - user-defined string literal for JSON pointers
## Helper classes

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# basic_json::input_format_t
```cpp
enum class input_format_t {
json,
cbor,
msgpack,
ubjson,
bson
};
```
This enumeration is used in the [`sax_parse`](sax_parse.md) function to choose the input format to parse:
json
: JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
cbor
: CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation)
msgpack
: MessagePack
ubjson
: UBJSON (Universal Binary JSON)
bson
: BSON (Bin­ary JSON)
## Version history
- Added in version 3.2.0.

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# basic_json::insert
```cpp
// (1)
iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json& val);
iterator insert(const_iterator pos, basic_json&& val);
// (2)
iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type cnt, const basic_json& val);
// (3)
iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
// (4)
iterator insert(const_iterator pos, initializer_list_t ilist);
// (5)
void insert(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
```
1. Inserts element `val` to array before iterator `pos`.
2. Inserts `cnt` copies of `val` to array before iterator `pos`.
3. Inserts elements from range `[first, last)` to array before iterator `pos`.
4. Inserts elements from initializer list `ilist` to array before iterator `pos`.
5. Inserts elements from range `[first, last)` to object.
## Parameters
`pos` (in)
: iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be the `end()` iterator
`val` (in)
: value to insert
`cnt` (in)
: number of copies of `val` to insert
`first` (in)
: begin of the range of elements to insert
`last` (in)
: end of the range of elements to insert
`ilist` (in)
: initializer list to insert the values from
## Return value
1. iterator pointing to the inserted `val`.
2. iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or `pos` if `#!cpp cnt==0`
3. iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or `pos` if `#!cpp first==last`
4. iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or `pos` if `ilist` is empty
5. /
## Exceptions
1. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.309`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error309) if called on JSON values other than
arrays; example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.202`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202) if called on an
iterator which does not belong to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
2. The function can throw thw following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.309`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error309) if called on JSON values other than
arrays; example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.202`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202) if called on an
iterator which does not belong to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
3. The function can throw thw following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.309`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error309) if called on JSON values other than
arrays; example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.202`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202) if called on an
iterator which does not belong to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.210`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator210) if `first` and `last`
do not belong to the same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.211`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator211) if `first` or `last`
are iterators into container for which insert is called; example: `"passed iterators may not belong to container"`
4. The function can throw thw following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.309`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error309) if called on JSON values other than
arrays; example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.202`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202) if called on an
iterator which does not belong to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
5. The function can throw thw following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.309`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error309) if called on JSON values other than
objects; example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.202`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202) if called on an
iterator which does not belong to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
- Throws [`invalid_iterator.210`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator210) if `first` and `last`
do not belong to the same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
1. Constant plus linear in the distance between `pos` and end of the container.
2. Linear in `cnt` plus linear in the distance between `pos` and end of the container.
3. Linear in `#!cpp std::distance(first, last)` plus linear in the distance between `pos` and end of the container.
4. Linear in `ilist.size()` plus linear in the distance between `pos` and end of the container.
5. Logarithmic: `O(N*log(size() + N))`, where `N` is the number of elements to insert.
## Example
??? example
The example shows how `insert()` is used.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/insert.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/insert.output"
```
??? example
The example shows how `insert()` is used.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/insert__count.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/insert__count.output"
```
??? example
The example shows how `insert()` is used.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/insert__range.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/insert__range.output"
```
??? example
The example shows how `insert()` is used.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/insert__ilist.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/insert__ilist.output"
```
??? example
The example shows how `insert()` is used.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/insert__range_object.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/insert__range_object.output"
```
## Version history
1. Added in version 1.0.0.
2. Added in version 1.0.0.
3. Added in version 1.0.0.
4. Added in version 1.0.0.
5. Added in version 3.0.0.

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# basic_json::invalid_iterator
```cpp
class invalid_iterator : public exception;
```
This exception is thrown if iterators passed to a library function do not match the expected semantics.
Exceptions have ids 2xx.
```plantuml
std::exception <|-- basic_json::exception
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::parse_error
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::invalid_iterator
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::type_error
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::out_of_range
basic_json::exception <|-- basic_json::other_error
interface std::exception {}
class basic_json::exception {
+ const int id
+ const char* what() const
}
class basic_json::parse_error {
+ const std::size_t byte
}
class basic_json::invalid_iterator #FFFF00 {}
```
## Member functions
- **what** - returns explanatory string
## Member variables
- **id** - the id of the exception
## Example
??? example
The following code shows how a `invalid_iterator` exception can be caught.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/invalid_iterator.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/invalid_iterator.output"
```
## Version history
- Since version 3.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_array
```cpp
constexpr bool is_array() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is an array.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is an array, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_array()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_array.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_array.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_binary
```cpp
constexpr bool is_binary() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is binary array.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is binary, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_binary()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_binary.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_binary.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::is_boolean
```cpp
constexpr bool is_boolean() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is `#!json true` or `#!json false`.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is boolean, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_boolean()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_boolean.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_boolean.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_discarded
```cpp
constexpr bool is_discarded() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` for a JSON value if either:
- the value was discarded during parsing with a callback function (see [`parser_callback_t`](parser_callback_t.md)), or
- the value is the result of parsing invalid JSON with parameter `allow_exceptions` set to `#!cpp false`; see
[`parse`](parse.md) for more information.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is discarded, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Notes
!!! note
Discarded values are never compared equal with [`operator==`](operator_eq.md). That is, checking whether a JSON
value `j` is discarded will only work via:
```cpp
j.is_discarded()
```
because
```cpp
j == json::value_t::discarded
```
will always be `#!cpp false`.
!!! note
When a value is discarded by a callback function (see [`parser_callback_t`](parser_callback_t.md)) during parsing,
then it is removed when it is part of a structured value. For instance, if the second value of an array is discared,
instead of `#!json [null, discarded, false]`, the array `#!json [null, false]` is returned. Only if the top-level
value is discarded, the return value of the `parse` call is discarded.
This function will always be `#!cpp false` for JSON values after parsing. That is, discarded values can only occur
during parsing, but will be removed when inside a structured value or replaced by null in other cases.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_discarded()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_discarded.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_discarded.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_null
```cpp
constexpr bool is_null() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is `#!json null`.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is `#!json null`, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_null()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_null.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_null.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_number
```cpp
constexpr bool is_number() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is a number. This includes both integer (signed and
unsigned) and floating-point values.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is number (regardless whether integer, unsigned integer or floating-type), `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Possible implementation
```cpp
constexpr bool is_number() const noexcept
{
return is_number_integer() || is_number_float();
}
```
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_number()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_number.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_number.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Extended to also return `#!cpp true` for unsigned integers in 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_number_float
```cpp
constexpr bool is_number_float() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is a floating-point number. This excludes signed and
unsigned integer values.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is a floating-point number, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_number_float()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_number_float.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_number_float.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_number_integer
```cpp
constexpr bool is_number_integer() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is a signed or unsigned integer number. This excludes
floating-point values.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is an integer or unsigned integer number, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_number_integer()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_number_integer.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_number_integer.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Extended to also return `#!cpp true` for unsigned integers in 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_number_unsigned
```cpp
constexpr bool is_number_unsigned() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is an unsigned integer number. This excludes
floating-point and signed integer values.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is an unsigned integer number, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_number_unsigned()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_number_unsigned.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_number_unsigned.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_object
```cpp
constexpr bool is_object() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is an object.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is an object, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_object()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_object.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_object.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_primitive
```cpp
constexpr bool is_primitive() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON type is primitive (string, number, boolean, `#!json null`,
binary).
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is primitive (string, number, boolean, `#!json null`, or binary), `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Possible implementation
```cpp
constexpr bool is_primitive() const noexcept
{
return is_null() || is_string() || is_boolean() || is_number() || is_binary();
}
```
## Notes
The term *primitive* stems from [RFC 8259](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259):
> JSON can represent four primitive types (strings, numbers, booleans, and null) and two structured types (objects and
> arrays).
This library extends primitive types to binary types, because binary types are roughly comparable to strings. Hence,
`is_primitive()` returns `#!cpp true` for binary values.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_primitive()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_primitive.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_primitive.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Extended to return `#!cpp true` for binary types in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::is_string
```cpp
constexpr bool is_string() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is a string.
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is a string, `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_string()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_string.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_string.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::is_structured
```cpp
constexpr bool is_structured() const noexcept;
```
This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON type is structured (array or object).
## Return value
`#!cpp true` if type is structured (array or object), `#!cpp false` otherwise.
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Notes
The term *structured* stems from [RFC 8259](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259):
> JSON can represent four primitive types (strings, numbers, booleans, and null) and two structured types (objects and
> arrays).
Note that though strings are containers in C++, they are treated as primitive values in JSON.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `is_structured()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/is_structured.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/is_structured.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::items
```cpp
iteration_proxy<iterator> items() noexcept;
iteration_proxy<const_iterator> items() const noexcept;
```
This function allows to access `iterator::key()` and `iterator::value()` during range-based for loops. In these loops, a
reference to the JSON values is returned, so there is no access to the underlying iterator.
For loop without `items()` function:
```cpp
for (auto it = j_object.begin(); it != j_object.end(); ++it)
{
std::cout << "key: " << it.key() << ", value:" << it.value() << '\n';
}
```
Range-based for loop without `items()` function:
```cpp
for (auto it : j_object)
{
// "it" is of type json::reference and has no key() member
std::cout << "value: " << it << '\n';
}
```
Range-based for loop with `items()` function:
```cpp
for (auto& el : j_object.items())
{
std::cout << "key: " << el.key() << ", value:" << el.value() << '\n';
}
```
The `items()` function also allows to use
[structured bindings](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/structured_binding) (C++17):
```cpp
for (auto& [key, val] : j_object.items())
{
std::cout << "key: " << key << ", value:" << val << '\n';
}
```
## Return value
iteration proxy object wrapping the current value with an interface to use in range-based for loops
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Notes
When iterating over an array, `key()` will return the index of the element as string (see example). For primitive types
(e.g., numbers), `key()` returns an empty string.
!!! warning
Using `items()` on temporary objects is dangerous. Make sure the object's lifetime exeeds the iteration. See
<https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2040> for more information.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows an example for `items()`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/items.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/items.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 3.0.0.
- Added structured binding support in version 3.5.0.
!!! note
This function replaces the static function `iterator_wrapper` which was introduced in version 1.0.0, but has been
deprecated in version 3.1.0. Function `iterator_wrapper` will be removed in version 4.0.0. Please replace all
occurrences of `#!cpp iterator_wrapper(j)` with `#!cpp j.items()`.

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# basic_json::json_serializer
```cpp
template<typename T, typename SFINAE>
using json_serializer = JSONSerializer<T, SFINAE>;
```
## Template parameters
`T`
: type to convert; will be used in the `to_json`/`from_json` functions
`SFINAE`
: type to add compile type checks via SFINAE; usually `#!cpp void`
## Notes
#### Default type
The default values for `json_serializer` is [`adl_serializer`](../adl_serializer.md).
## Version history
- Since version 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::max_size
```cpp
size_type max_size() const noexcept;
```
Returns the maximum number of elements a JSON value is able to hold due to system or library implementation limitations,
i.e. `std::distance(begin(), end())` for the JSON value.
## Return value
The return value depends on the different types and is defined as follows:
Value type | return value
----------- | -------------
null | `0` (same as [`size()`](size.md))
boolean | `1` (same as [`size()`](size.md))
string | `1` (same as [`size()`](size.md))
number | `1` (same as [`size()`](size.md))
binary | `1` (same as [`size()`](size.md))
object | result of function `object_t::max_size()`
array | result of function `array_t::max_size()`
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant, as long as [`array_t`](array_t.md) and [`object_t`](object_t.md) satisfy the
[Container](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Container) concept; that is, their `max_size()` functions have
constant complexity.
## Notes
This function does not return the maximal length of a string stored as JSON value -- it returns the maximal number of
string elements the JSON value can store which is `1`.
## Example
??? example
The following code calls `max_size()` on the different value types. Note the output is implementation specific.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/max_size.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/max_size.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Extended to return `1` for binary types in version 3.8.0.

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# basic_json::merge_patch
```cpp
void merge_patch(const basic_json& apply_patch);
```
The merge patch format is primarily intended for use with the HTTP PATCH method as a means of describing a set of
modifications to a target resource's content. This function applies a merge patch to the current JSON value.
The function implements the following algorithm from Section 2 of
[RFC 7396 (JSON Merge Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7396):
```python
define MergePatch(Target, Patch):
if Patch is an Object:
if Target is not an Object:
Target = {} // Ignore the contents and set it to an empty Object
for each Name/Value pair in Patch:
if Value is null:
if Name exists in Target:
remove the Name/Value pair from Target
else:
Target[Name] = MergePatch(Target[Name], Value)
return Target
else:
return Patch
```
Thereby, `Target` is the current object; that is, the patch is applied to the current value.
## Parameters
`apply_patch` (in)
: the patch to apply
## Complexity
Linear in the lengths of `apply_patch`.
## Example
??? example
The following code shows how a JSON Merge Patch is applied to a JSON document.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/merge_patch.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/merge_patch.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 3.0.0.

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static basic_json meta();
```
This function returns a JSON object with information about the library,
including the version number and information on the platform and compiler.
This function returns a JSON object with information about the library, including the version number and information on
the platform and compiler.
## Return value
@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ key | description
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
changes to any JSON value.
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
## Complexity
@ -43,3 +42,7 @@ Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/meta.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 2.1.0.

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# basic_json::number_float_t
```cpp
using number_float_t = NumberFloatType;
```
The type used to store JSON numbers (floating-point).
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
> The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most programming languages. A number is represented in base
> 10 using decimal digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an optional minus sign, which may
> be followed by a fraction part and/or an exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
> cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN) are not permitted.
This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers. However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is
known whether the number is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number. Therefore, three different
types, [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md), [`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md) and `number_float_t` are
used.
To store floating-point numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter `NumberFloatType` which chooses the
type to use.
## Notes
#### Default type
With the default values for `NumberFloatType` (`double`), the default value for `number_float_t` is `#!cpp double`.
#### Default behavior
- The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead, leading zeros in floating-point literals will be
ignored. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For instance, the C++ floating-point literal `01.2`
will be serialized to `1.2`. During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
- Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
#### Limits
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
> This specification allows implementations to set limits on the range and precision of numbers accepted. Since software
> that implements IEEE 754-2008 binary64 (double precision) numbers is generally available and widely used, good
> interoperability can be achieved by implementations that expect no more precision or range than these provide, in the
> sense that implementations will approximate JSON numbers within the expected precision.
This implementation does exactly follow this approach, as it uses double precision floating-point numbers. Note values
smaller than `-1.79769313486232e+308` and values greater than `1.79769313486232e+308` will be stored as NaN internally
and be serialized to `null`.
#### Storage
Floating-point number values are stored directly inside a `basic_json` type.
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::number_integer_t
```cpp
using number_integer_t = NumberIntegerType;
```
The type used to store JSON numbers (integers).
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
> The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most programming languages. A number is represented in base
> 10 using decimal digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an optional minus sign, which may
> be followed by a fraction part and/or an exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
> cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN) are not permitted.
This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers. However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is
known whether the number is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number. Therefore, three different
types, `number_integer_t`, [`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md) and [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md) are
used.
To store integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter `NumberIntegerType` which chooses the type
to use.
## Notes
#### Default type
With the default values for `NumberIntegerType` (`std::int64_t`), the default value for `number_integer_t` is
`#!cpp std::int64_t`.
#### Default behavior
- The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead, leading zeros in integer literals lead to an
interpretation as octal number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For instance, the C++ integer
literal `010` will be serialized to `8`. During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
- Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
#### Limits
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
> An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be stored is `9223372036854775807` (INT64_MAX) and
the minimal integer number that can be stored is `-9223372036854775808` (INT64_MIN). Integer numbers that are out of
range will yield over/underflow when used in a constructor. During deserialization, too large or small integer numbers
will be automatically be stored as [`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md) or [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md).
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
> Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are
> interoperable in the sense that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
As this range is a subrange of the exactly supported range [INT64_MIN, INT64_MAX], this class's integer type is
interoperable.
#### Storage
Integer number values are stored directly inside a `basic_json` type.
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::number_unsigned_t
```cpp
using number_unsigned_t = NumberUnsignedType;
```
The type used to store JSON numbers (unsigned).
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
> The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most programming languages. A number is represented in base
> 10 using decimal digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an optional minus sign, which may
> be followed by a fraction part and/or an exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
> cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN) are not permitted.
This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers. However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is
known whether the number is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number. Therefore, three different
types, [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md), `number_unsigned_t` and [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md) are
used.
To store unsigned integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter `NumberUnsignedType` which chooses
the type to use.
## Notes
#### Default type
With the default values for `NumberUnsignedType` (`std::uint64_t`), the default value for `number_unsigned_t` is
`#!cpp std::uint64_t`.
#### Default behavior
- The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead, leading zeros in integer literals lead to an
interpretation as octal number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For instance, the C++ integer
literal `010` will be serialized to `8`. During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
- Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
#### Limits
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
> An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be stored is `18446744073709551615` (UINT64_MAX) and
the minimal integer number that can be stored is `0`. Integer numbers that are out of range will yield over/underflow
when used in a constructor. During deserialization, too large or small integer numbers will be automatically be stored
as [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md) or [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md).
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
> Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are
> interoperable in the sense that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
As this range is a subrange (when considered in conjunction with the `number_integer_t` type) of the exactly supported
range [0, UINT64_MAX], this class's integer type is interoperable.
#### Storage
Integer number values are stored directly inside a `basic_json` type.
## Version history
- Added in version 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::object
```cpp
static basic_json object(initializer_list_t init = {});
```
Creates a JSON object value from a given initializer list. The initializer lists elements must be pairs, and their first
elements must be strings. If the initializer list is empty, the empty object `#!json {}` is created.
## Parameters
`init` (in)
: initializer list with JSON values to create an object from (optional)
## Return value
JSON object value
## Exceptions
Throws [`type_error.301`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error301) if `init` is not a list of pairs whose
first elements are strings. In this case, no object can be created. When such a value is passed to
`basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t)`, an array would have been created from the passed initializer list
`init`. See example below.
## Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.
## Complexity
Linear in the size of `init`.
## Notes
This function is only added for symmetry reasons. In contrast to the related function `array(initializer_list_t)`, there
are no cases which can only be expressed by this function. That is, any initializer list `init` can also be passed to
the initializer list constructor `basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t)`.
## Examples
??? example
The following code shows an example for the `object` function.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/object.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/object.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::object_comparator_t
```cpp
// until C++14
using object_comparator_t = std::less<StringType>;
// since C++14
using object_comparator_t = std::less<>;
```
The comparator used in [`object_t`](object_t.md).
When C++14 is detected, a transparent com parator is used which, when combined with perfect forwarding on find() and
count() calls, prevents unnecessary string construction.
## Version history
- Unknown.

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# basic_json::object_t
```cpp
using object_t = ObjectType<StringType,
basic_json,
object_comparator_t,
AllocatorType<std::pair<const StringType, basic_json>>>;
```
The type used to store JSON objects.
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON objects as follows:
> An object is an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs, where a name is a string and a value is a
> string, number, boolean, null, object, or array.
To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters described below.
## Template parameters
`ObjectType`
: the container to store objects (e.g., `std::map` or `std::unordered_map`)
`StringType`
: the type of the keys or names (e.g., `std::string`). The comparison function `std::less<StringType>` is used to
order elements inside the container.
`AllocatorType`
: the allocator to use for objects (e.g., `std::allocator`)
## Notes
#### Default type
With the default values for `ObjectType` (`std::map`), `StringType` (`std::string`), and `AllocatorType`
(`std::allocator`), the default value for `object_t` is:
```cpp
// until C++14
std::map<
std::string, // key_type
basic_json, // value_type
std::less<std::string>, // key_compare
std::allocator<std::pair<const std::string, basic_json>> // allocator_type
>
// since C++14
std::map<
std::string, // key_type
basic_json, // value_type
std::less<>, // key_compare
std::allocator<std::pair<const std::string, basic_json>> // allocator_type
>
```
See [`object_comparator_t`](object_comparator_t.md) for more information.
#### Behavior
The choice of `object_t` influences the behavior of the JSON class. With the default type, objects have the following
behavior:
- When all names are unique, objects will be interoperable in the sense that all software implementations receiving that
object will agree on the name-value mappings.
- When the names within an object are not unique, it is unspecified which one of the values for a given key will be
chosen. For instance, `#!json {"key": 2, "key": 1}` could be equal to either `#!json {"key": 1}` or
`#!json {"key": 2}`.
- Internally, name/value pairs are stored in lexicographical order of the names. Objects will also be serialized (see
[`dump`](dump.md)) in this order. For instance, `#!json {"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be stored
and serialized as `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}`.
- When comparing objects, the order of the name/value pairs is irrelevant. This makes objects interoperable in the sense
that they will not be affected by these differences. For instance, `#!json {"b": 1, "a": 2}` and
`#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be treated as equal.
#### Limits
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
> An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
In this class, the object's limit of nesting is not explicitly constrained. However, a maximum depth of nesting may be
introduced by the compiler or runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the
[`max_size`](max_size.md) function of a JSON object.
#### Storage
Objects are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for any access to object values, a pointer of type
`object_t*` must be dereferenced.
#### Object key order
The order name/value pairs are added to the object is *not* preserved by the library. Therefore, iterating an object may
return name/value pairs in a different order than they were originally stored. In fact, keys will be traversed in
alphabetical order as `std::map` with `std::less` is used by default. Please note this behavior conforms to
[RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159), because any order implements the specified "unordered" nature of JSON objects.
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator+=
```cpp
// (1)
reference operator+=(basic_json&& val);
reference operator+=(const basic_json& val);
// (2)
reference operator+=(const typename object_t::value_type& val);
// (3)
reference operator+=(initializer_list_t init);
```
1. Appends the given element `val` to the end of the JSON array. If the function is called on a JSON null value, an
empty array is created before appending `val`.
2. Inserts the given element `val` to the JSON object. If the function is called on a JSON null value, an empty object
is created before inserting `val`.
3. This function allows to use `operator+=` with an initializer list. In case
1. the current value is an object,
2. the initializer list `init` contains only two elements, and
3. the first element of `init` is a string,
`init` is converted into an object element and added using `operator+=(const typename object_t::value_type&)`.
Otherwise, `init` is converted to a JSON value and added using `operator+=(basic_json&&)`.
## Parameters
`val` (in)
: the value to add to the JSON array/object
`init` (in)
: an initializer list
## Return value
`#!cpp *this`
## Exceptions
1. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.308`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error308) when called on a type other than
JSON array or null; example: `"cannot use operator+=() with number"`
2. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.308`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error308) when called on a type other than
JSON object or null; example: `"cannot use operator+=() with number"`
## Complexity
1. Amortized constant.
2. Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
3. Linear in the size of the initializer list `init`.
## Notes
(3) This function is required to resolve an ambiguous overload error, because pairs like `{"key", "value"}` can be both
interpreted as `object_t::value_type` or `std::initializer_list<basic_json>`, see
[#235](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/235) for more information.
## Examples
??? example
The example shows how `push_back()` and `+=` can be used to add elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value
was silently converted to a JSON array.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/push_back.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/push_back.output"
```
??? example
The example shows how `push_back()` and `+=` can be used to add elements to a JSON object. Note how the `null` value
was silently converted to a JSON object.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/push_back__object_t__value.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/push_back__object_t__value.output"
```
??? example
The example shows how initializer lists are treated as objects when possible.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/push_back__initializer_list.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/push_back__initializer_list.output"
```
## Version history
1. Since version 1.0.0.
2. Since version 1.0.0.
2. Since version 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator=
```cpp
basic_json& operator=(basic_json other) noexcept (
std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value &&
std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value &&
std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value &&
std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
);
```
Copy assignment operator. Copies a JSON value via the "copy and swap" strategy: It is expressed in terms of the copy
constructor, destructor, and the `swap()` member function.
## Parameters
`other` (in)
: value to copy from
## Complexity
Linear.
## Example
??? example
The code below shows and example for the copy assignment. It creates a copy of value `a` which is then swapped with
`b`. Finally, the copy of `a` (which is the null value after the swap) is destroyed.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__copyassignment.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json__copyassignment.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator[]
```cpp
// (1)
reference operator[](size_type idx);
const_reference operator[](size_type idx) const;
// (2)
reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key);
const_reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key) const;
template<typename T>
reference operator[](T* key);
template<typename T>
const_reference operator[](T* key) const;
// (3)
reference operator[](const json_pointer& ptr);
const_reference operator[](const json_pointer& ptr) const;
```
1. Returns a reference to the element at specified location `idx`.
2. Returns a reference to the element at with specified key `key`.
3. Returns a reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer `ptr`.
## Template parameters
`T`
: string literal convertible to `object_t::key_type`
## Parameters
`idx` (in)
: index of the element to access
`key` (in)
: object key of the elements to remove
`ptr` (in)
: JSON pointer to the desired element
## Return value
1. reference to the element at index `idx`
2. reference to the element at key `key`
3. reference to the element pointed to by `ptr`
## Exceptions
1. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.305`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error305) if the JSON value is not an array
or null; in that cases, using the `[]` operator with an index makes no sense.
2. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`type_error.305`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error305) if the JSON value is not an array
or null; in that cases, using the `[]` operator with an index makes no sense.
3. The function can throw the following exceptions:
- Throws [`parse_error.106`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error106) if an array index in the passed
JSON pointer `ptr` begins with '0'.
- Throws [`parse_error.109`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error109) if an array index in the passed
JSON pointer `ptr` is not a number.
- Throws [`out_of_range.402`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range402) if the array index '-' is used
in the passed JSON pointer `ptr` for the const version.
- Throws [`out_of_range.404`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range404) if the JSON pointer `ptr` can
not be resolved.
## Notes
!!! danger
1. If the element with key `idx` does not exist, the behavior is undefined.
2. If the element with key `key` does not exist, the behavior is undefined and is **guarded by an assertion**!
1. The non-const version may add values: If `idx` is beyond the range of the array (i.e., `idx >= size()`), then the
array is silently filled up with `#!json null` values to make `idx` a valid reference to the last stored element. In
case the value was `#!json null` before, it is converted to an array.
2. If `key` is not found in the object, then it is silently added to the object and filled with a `#!json null` value to
make `key` a valid reference. In case the value was `#!json null` before, it is converted to an object.
3. `null` values are created in arrays and objects if necessary.
In particular:
- If the JSON pointer points to an object key that does not exist, it is created an filled with a `#!json null`
value before a reference to it is returned.
- If the JSON pointer points to an array index that does not exist, it is created an filled with a `#!json null`
value before a reference to it is returned. All indices between the current maximum and the given index are also
filled with `#!json null`.
- The special value `-` is treated as a synonym for the index past the end.
## Exception safety
Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.
## Complexity
1. Constant if `idx` is in the range of the array. Otherwise linear in `idx - size()`.
2. Logarithmic in the size of the container.
3. Constant
## Example
??? example
The example below shows how array elements can be read and written using `[]` operator. Note the addition of
`#!json null` values.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operatorarray__size_type.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operatorarray__size_type.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how array elements can be read using the `[]` operator.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operatorarray__size_type_const.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operatorarray__size_type_const.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how object elements can be read and written using the `[]` operator.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operatorarray__key_type.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operatorarray__key_type.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how object elements can be read using the `[]` operator.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operatorarray__key_type_const.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operatorarray__key_type_const.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how values can be read and written using JSON Pointers.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operatorjson_pointer.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operatorjson_pointer.output"
```
??? example
The example below shows how values can be read using JSON Pointers.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operatorjson_pointer_const.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operatorjson_pointer_const.output"
```
## Version history
1. Added in version 1.0.0.
2. Added in version 1.0.0. Overloads for `T* key` added in version 1.1.0.
3. Added in version 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator ValueType
```cpp
template<typename ValueType>
JSON_EXPLICIT operator ValueType() const;
```
Implicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value. The call is realized by calling
[`get()`](get.md). See [Notes](#notes) for the meaning of `JSON_EXPLICIT`.
## Template parameters
`ValueType`
: the value type to return
## Return value
copy of the JSON value, converted to `ValueType`
## Exceptions
Depends on what `json_serializer<ValueType>` `from_json()` method throws
## Complexity
Linear in the size of the JSON value.
## Notes
By default `JSON_EXPLICIT` defined to the empty string, so the signature is:
```cpp
template<typename ValueType>
operator ValueType() const;
```
If [`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../../features/macros.md#json_use_implicit_conversions) is set to `0`,
`JSON_EXPLICIT` is defined to `#!cpp explicit`:
```cpp
template<typename ValueType>
explicit operator ValueType() const;
```
That is, implicit conversions can be switched off by defining
[`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../../features/macros.md#json_use_implicit_conversions) to `0`.
## Example
??? example
The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
be converted to integers, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
`std::vector<short>`, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string, json>`.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operator__ValueType.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operator__ValueType.output"
```
## Version history
- Since version 1.0.0.
- Macros `JSON_EXPLICIT`/[`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../../features/macros.md#json_use_implicit_conversions) added
in version 3.9.0.

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# basic_json::operator==
```cpp
bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept;
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept;
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator==(ScalarType lhs, const const_reference rhs) noexcept;
```
Compares two JSON values for equality according to the following rules:
- Two JSON values are equal if (1) they are not discarded, (2) they are from the same type, and (3) their stored values
are the same according to their respective `operator==`.
- Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before comparison. Note that two NaN values are always
treated as unequal.
## Template parameters
`ScalarType`
: a scalar type according to `std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value`
## Parameters
`lhs` (in)
: first value to consider
`rhs` (in)
: second value to consider
## Return value
whether the values `lhs` and `rhs` are equal
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Linear.
## Notes
!!! note
- NaN values never compare equal to themselves or to other NaN values.
- JSON `#!cpp null` values are all equal.
- Discarded values never compare equal to themselves.
!!! note
Floating-point numbers inside JSON values numbers are compared with `json::number_float_t::operator==` which is
`double::operator==` by default. To compare floating-point while respecting an epsilon, an alternative
[comparison function](https://github.com/mariokonrad/marnav/blob/master/include/marnav/math/floatingpoint.hpp#L34-#L39)
could be used, for instance
```cpp
template<typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, T>::type>
inline bool is_same(T a, T b, T epsilon = std::numeric_limits<T>::epsilon()) noexcept
{
return std::abs(a - b) <= epsilon;
}
```
Or you can self-defined operator equal function like this:
```cpp
bool my_equal(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs)
{
const auto lhs_type lhs.type();
const auto rhs_type rhs.type();
if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
{
switch(lhs_type)
// self_defined case
case value_t::number_float:
return std::abs(lhs - rhs) <= std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon();
// other cases remain the same with the original
...
}
...
}
```
## Example
??? example
The example demonstrates comparing several JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operator__equal.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operator__equal.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator>=
```cpp
bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept,
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept;
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator>=(ScalarType lhs, const const_reference rhs) noexcept;
```
Compares whether one JSON value `lhs` is greater than or equal to another JSON value `rhs` by calculating
`#!cpp !(lhs < rhs)`.
## Template parameters
`ScalarType`
: a scalar type according to `std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value`
## Parameters
`lhs` (in)
: first value to consider
`rhs` (in)
: second value to consider
## Return value
whether `lhs` is less than or equal to `rhs`
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Linear.
## Example
??? example
The example demonstrates comparing several JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operator__greaterequal.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operator__greaterequal.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator>
```cpp
bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept,
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept;
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator>(ScalarType lhs, const const_reference rhs) noexcept;
```
Compares whether one JSON value `lhs` is greater than another JSON value `rhs` by calculating `#!cpp !(lhs <= rhs)`.
## Template parameters
`ScalarType`
: a scalar type according to `std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value`
## Parameters
`lhs` (in)
: first value to consider
`rhs` (in)
: second value to consider
## Return value
whether `lhs` is greater than `rhs`
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Linear.
## Example
??? example
The example demonstrates comparing several JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operator__greater.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operator__greater.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator<=
```cpp
bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept,
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept;
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator<=(ScalarType lhs, const const_reference rhs) noexcept;
```
Compares whether one JSON value `lhs` is less than or equal to another JSON value `rhs` by calculating
`#cpp !(rhs < lhs)`.
## Template parameters
`ScalarType`
: a scalar type according to `std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value`
## Parameters
`lhs` (in)
: first value to consider
`rhs` (in)
: second value to consider
## Return value
whether `lhs` is less than or equal to `rhs`
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Linear.
## Example
??? example
The example demonstrates comparing several JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operator__lessequal.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operator__lessequal.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator""_json
```cpp
json operator "" _json(const char* s, std::size_t n)
```
This operator implements a user-defined string literal for JSON objects. It can be used by adding `#!cpp _json` to a
string literal and returns a [`json`](../json.md) object if no parse error occurred.
## Parameters
`s` (in)
: a string representation of a JSON object
`n` (in)
: length of string `s`
## Return value
[`json`](../json.md) value parsed from `s`
## Exceptions
The function can throw anything that [`parse(s, s+n)`](parse.md) would throw.
## Complexity
Linear.
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator""_json_pointer
```cpp
json_pointer operator "" _json_pointer(const char* s, std::size_t n)
```
This operator implements a user-defined string literal for JSON Pointers. It can be used by adding `#!cpp _json_pointer`
to a string literal and returns a [`json_pointer`](../json_pointer.md) object if no parse error occurred.
## Parameters
`s` (in)
: a string representation of a JSON Pointer
`n` (in)
: length of string `s`
## Return value
[`json_pointer`](../json_pointer.md) value parsed from `s`
## Exceptions
The function can throw anything that [`json_pointer::json_pointer`](../json_pointer.md) would throw.
## Complexity
Linear.
## Version history
- Added in version 2.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator<
```cpp
bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept,
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept;
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator<(ScalarType lhs, const const_reference rhs) noexcept;
```
Compares whether one JSON value `lhs` is less than another JSON value `rhs` according to the following rules:
- If `lhs` and `rhs` have the same type, the values are compared using the default `<` operator.
- Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before comparison
- Discarded values a
- In case `lhs` and `rhs` have different types, the values are ignored and the order of the types is considered, which
is:
1. null
2. boolean
3. number (all types)
4. object
5. array
6. string
7. binary
For instance, any boolean value is considered less than any string.
## Template parameters
`ScalarType`
: a scalar type according to `std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value`
## Parameters
`lhs` (in)
: first value to consider
`rhs` (in)
: second value to consider
## Return value
whether `lhs` is less than `rhs`
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Linear.
## Example
??? example
The example demonstrates comparing several JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operator__less.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operator__less.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator!=
```cpp
bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept;
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept;
template<typename ScalarType>
bool operator!=(ScalarType lhs, const const_reference rhs) noexcept;
```
Compares two JSON values for inequality by calculating `#!cpp !(lhs == rhs)`.
## Template parameters
`ScalarType`
: a scalar type according to `std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value`
## Parameters
`lhs` (in)
: first value to consider
`rhs` (in)
: second value to consider
## Return value
whether the values `lhs` and `rhs` are not equal
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Linear.
## Example
The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operator__notequal.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operator__notequal.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.

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# basic_json::operator value_t
```cpp
constexpr operator value_t() const noexcept;
```
Return the type of the JSON value as a value from the [`value_t`](value_t.md) enumeration.
## Return value
the type of the JSON value
Value type | return value
------------------------- | -------------------------
`#!json null` | `value_t::null`
boolean | `value_t::boolean`
string | `value_t::string`
number (integer) | `value_t::number_integer`
number (unsigned integer) | `value_t::number_unsigned`
number (floating-point) | `value_t::number_float`
object | `value_t::object`
array | `value_t::array`
binary | `value_t::binary`
discarded | `value_t::discarded`
## Exception safety
No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.
## Complexity
Constant.
## Example
??? example
The following code exemplifies `operator value_t()` for all JSON types.
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/operator__value_t.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/operator__value_t.output"
```
## Version history
- Added in version 1.0.0.
- Added unsigned integer type in version 2.0.0.
- Added binary type in version 3.8.0.

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