json/include/nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp

#pragma once

#include <exception> // exception
#include <stdexcept> // runtime_error
#include <string> // to_string
#include <vector> // vector

#include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/string_escape.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/input/position_t.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp>

namespace nlohmann
{
namespace detail
{
////////////////
// exceptions //
////////////////

/*!
@brief general exception of the @ref basic_json class

This class is an extension of `std::exception` objects with a member @a id for
exception ids. It is used as the base class for all exceptions thrown by the
@ref basic_json class. This class can hence be used as "wildcard" to catch
exceptions.

Subclasses:
- @ref parse_error for exceptions indicating a parse error
- @ref invalid_iterator for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
- @ref type_error for exceptions indicating executing a member function with
                  a wrong type
- @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
- @ref other_error for exceptions indicating other library errors

@internal
@note To have nothrow-copy-constructible exceptions, we internally use
      `std::runtime_error` which can cope with arbitrary-length error messages.
      Intermediate strings are built with static functions and then passed to
      the actual constructor.
@endinternal

@liveexample{The following code shows how arbitrary library exceptions can be
caught.,exception}

@since version 3.0.0
*/
class exception : public std::exception
{
  public:
    /// returns the explanatory string
    const char* what() const noexcept override
    {
        return m.what();
    }

    /// the id of the exception
    const int id; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)

  protected:
    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
    exception(int id_, const char* what_arg) : id(id_), m(what_arg) {}

    static std::string name(const std::string& ename, int id_)
    {
        return "[json.exception." + ename + "." + std::to_string(id_) + "] ";
    }

    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static std::string diagnostics(const BasicJsonType& leaf_element)
    {
#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
        std::vector<std::string> tokens;
        for (const auto* current = &leaf_element; current->m_parent != nullptr; current = current->m_parent)
        {
            switch (current->m_parent->type())
            {
                case value_t::array:
                {
                    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < current->m_parent->m_value.array->size(); ++i)
                    {
                        if (&current->m_parent->m_value.array->operator[](i) == current)
                        {
                            tokens.emplace_back(std::to_string(i));
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::object:
                {
                    for (const auto& element : *current->m_parent->m_value.object)
                    {
                        if (&element.second == current)
                        {
                            tokens.emplace_back(element.first.c_str());
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::null:
                case value_t::string:
                case value_t::boolean:
                case value_t::number_integer:
                case value_t::number_unsigned:
                case value_t::number_float:
                case value_t::binary:
                case value_t::discarded:
                default:   // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    break; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
            }
        }

        if (tokens.empty())
        {
            return "";
        }

        return "(" + std::accumulate(tokens.rbegin(), tokens.rend(), std::string{},
                                     [](const std::string & a, const std::string & b)
        {
            return a + "/" + detail::escape(b);
        }) + ") ";
#else
        static_cast<void>(leaf_element);
        return "";
#endif
    }

  private:
    /// an exception object as storage for error messages
    std::runtime_error m;
};

/*!
@brief exception indicating a parse error

This exception is thrown by the library when a parse error occurs. Parse errors
can occur during the deserialization of JSON text, CBOR, MessagePack, as well
as when using JSON Patch.

Member @a byte holds the byte index of the last read character in the input
file.

Exceptions have ids 1xx.

name / id                      | example message | description
------------------------------ | --------------- | -------------------------
json.exception.parse_error.101 | parse error at 2: unexpected end of input; expected string literal | This error indicates a syntax error while deserializing a JSON text. The error message describes that an unexpected token (character) was encountered, and the member @a byte indicates the error position.
json.exception.parse_error.102 | parse error at 14: missing or wrong low surrogate | JSON uses the `\uxxxx` format to describe Unicode characters. Code points above above 0xFFFF are split into two `\uxxxx` entries ("surrogate pairs"). This error indicates that the surrogate pair is incomplete or contains an invalid code point.
json.exception.parse_error.103 | parse error: code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid | Unicode supports code points up to 0x10FFFF. Code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid.
json.exception.parse_error.104 | parse error: JSON patch must be an array of objects | [RFC 6902](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902) requires a JSON Patch document to be a JSON document that represents an array of objects.
json.exception.parse_error.105 | parse error: operation must have string member 'op' | An operation of a JSON Patch document must contain exactly one "op" member, whose value indicates the operation to perform. Its value must be one of "add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or "test"; other values are errors.
json.exception.parse_error.106 | parse error: array index '01' must not begin with '0' | An array index in a JSON Pointer ([RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)) may be `0` or any number without a leading `0`.
json.exception.parse_error.107 | parse error: JSON pointer must be empty or begin with '/' - was: 'foo' | A JSON Pointer must be a Unicode string containing a sequence of zero or more reference tokens, each prefixed by a `/` character.
json.exception.parse_error.108 | parse error: escape character '~' must be followed with '0' or '1' | In a JSON Pointer, only `~0` and `~1` are valid escape sequences.
json.exception.parse_error.109 | parse error: array index 'one' is not a number | A JSON Pointer array index must be a number.
json.exception.parse_error.110 | parse error at 1: cannot read 2 bytes from vector | When parsing CBOR or MessagePack, the byte vector ends before the complete value has been read.
json.exception.parse_error.112 | parse error at 1: error reading CBOR; last byte: 0xF8 | Not all types of CBOR or MessagePack are supported. This exception occurs if an unsupported byte was read.
json.exception.parse_error.113 | parse error at 2: expected a CBOR string; last byte: 0x98 | While parsing a map key, a value that is not a string has been read.
json.exception.parse_error.114 | parse error: Unsupported BSON record type 0x0F | The parsing of the corresponding BSON record type is not implemented (yet).
json.exception.parse_error.115 | parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing UBJSON high-precision number: invalid number text: 1A | A UBJSON high-precision number could not be parsed.

@note For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character and n+1
      is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of file. This also
      holds true when reading a byte vector (CBOR or MessagePack).

@liveexample{The following code shows how a `parse_error` exception can be
caught.,parse_error}

@sa - @ref exception for the base class of the library exceptions
@sa - @ref invalid_iterator for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
@sa - @ref type_error for exceptions indicating executing a member function with
                    a wrong type
@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
@sa - @ref other_error for exceptions indicating other library errors

@since version 3.0.0
*/
class parse_error : public exception
{
  public:
    /*!
    @brief create a parse error exception
    @param[in] id_       the id of the exception
    @param[in] pos       the position where the error occurred (or with
                         chars_read_total=0 if the position cannot be
                         determined)
    @param[in] what_arg  the explanatory string
    @return parse_error object
    */
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static parse_error create(int id_, const position_t& pos, const std::string& what_arg, const BasicJsonType& context)
    {
        std::string w = exception::name("parse_error", id_) + "parse error" +
                        position_string(pos) + ": " + exception::diagnostics(context) + what_arg;
        return parse_error(id_, pos.chars_read_total, w.c_str());
    }

    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static parse_error create(int id_, std::size_t byte_, const std::string& what_arg, const BasicJsonType& context)
    {
        std::string w = exception::name("parse_error", id_) + "parse error" +
                        (byte_ != 0 ? (" at byte " + std::to_string(byte_)) : "") +
                        ": " + exception::diagnostics(context) + what_arg;
        return parse_error(id_, byte_, w.c_str());
    }

    /*!
    @brief byte index of the parse error

    The byte index of the last read character in the input file.

    @note For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character and
          n+1 is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of file.
          This also holds true when reading a byte vector (CBOR or MessagePack).
    */
    const std::size_t byte;

  private:
    parse_error(int id_, std::size_t byte_, const char* what_arg)
        : exception(id_, what_arg), byte(byte_) {}

    static std::string position_string(const position_t& pos)
    {
        return " at line " + std::to_string(pos.lines_read + 1) +
               ", column " + std::to_string(pos.chars_read_current_line);
    }
};

/*!
@brief exception indicating errors with iterators

This exception is thrown if iterators passed to a library function do not match
the expected semantics.

Exceptions have ids 2xx.

name / id                           | example message | description
----------------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------
json.exception.invalid_iterator.201 | iterators are not compatible | The iterators passed to constructor @ref basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to the same container. Therefore, the range (@a first, @a last) is invalid.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.202 | iterator does not fit current value | In an erase or insert function, the passed iterator @a pos does not belong to the JSON value for which the function was called. It hence does not define a valid position for the deletion/insertion.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.203 | iterators do not fit current value | Either iterator passed to function @ref erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) does not belong to the JSON value from which values shall be erased. It hence does not define a valid range to delete values from.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.204 | iterators out of range | When an iterator range for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to a constructor or an erase function, this range has to be exactly (@ref begin(), @ref end()), because this is the only way the single stored value is expressed. All other ranges are invalid.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.205 | iterator out of range | When an iterator for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to an erase function, the iterator has to be the @ref begin() iterator, because it is the only way to address the stored value. All other iterators are invalid.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.206 | cannot construct with iterators from null | The iterators passed to constructor @ref basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) belong to a JSON null value and hence to not define a valid range.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.207 | cannot use key() for non-object iterators | The key() member function can only be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because other types do not have a concept of a key.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.208 | cannot use operator[] for object iterators | The operator[] to specify a concrete offset cannot be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because JSON objects are unordered.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.209 | cannot use offsets with object iterators | The offset operators (+, -, +=, -=) cannot be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because JSON objects are unordered.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.210 | iterators do not fit | The iterator range passed to the insert function are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to the same container. Therefore, the range (@a first, @a last) is invalid.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.211 | passed iterators may not belong to container | The iterator range passed to the insert function must not be a subrange of the container to insert to.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.212 | cannot compare iterators of different containers | When two iterators are compared, they must belong to the same container.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.213 | cannot compare order of object iterators | The order of object iterators cannot be compared, because JSON objects are unordered.
json.exception.invalid_iterator.214 | cannot get value | Cannot get value for iterator: Either the iterator belongs to a null value or it is an iterator to a primitive type (number, boolean, or string), but the iterator is different to @ref begin().

@liveexample{The following code shows how an `invalid_iterator` exception can be
caught.,invalid_iterator}

@sa - @ref exception for the base class of the library exceptions
@sa - @ref parse_error for exceptions indicating a parse error
@sa - @ref type_error for exceptions indicating executing a member function with
                    a wrong type
@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
@sa - @ref other_error for exceptions indicating other library errors

@since version 3.0.0
*/
class invalid_iterator : public exception
{
  public:
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static invalid_iterator create(int id_, const std::string& what_arg, const BasicJsonType& context)
    {
        std::string w = exception::name("invalid_iterator", id_) + exception::diagnostics(context) + what_arg;
        return invalid_iterator(id_, w.c_str());
    }

  private:
    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
    invalid_iterator(int id_, const char* what_arg)
        : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
};

/*!
@brief exception indicating executing a member function with a wrong type

This exception is thrown in case of a type error; that is, a library function is
executed on a JSON value whose type does not match the expected semantics.

Exceptions have ids 3xx.

name / id                     | example message | description
----------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------
json.exception.type_error.301 | cannot create object from initializer list | To create an object from an initializer list, the initializer list must consist only of a list of pairs whose first element is a string. When this constraint is violated, an array is created instead.
json.exception.type_error.302 | type must be object, but is array | During implicit or explicit value conversion, the JSON type must be compatible to the target type. For instance, a JSON string can only be converted into string types, but not into numbers or boolean types.
json.exception.type_error.303 | incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is object | To retrieve a reference to a value stored in a @ref basic_json object with @ref get_ref, the type of the reference must match the value type. For instance, for a JSON array, the @a ReferenceType must be @ref array_t &.
json.exception.type_error.304 | cannot use at() with string | The @ref at() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.305 | cannot use operator[] with string | The @ref operator[] member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.306 | cannot use value() with string | The @ref value() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.307 | cannot use erase() with string | The @ref erase() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.308 | cannot use push_back() with string | The @ref push_back() and @ref operator+= member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.309 | cannot use insert() with | The @ref insert() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.310 | cannot use swap() with number | The @ref swap() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.311 | cannot use emplace_back() with string | The @ref emplace_back() member function can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.312 | cannot use update() with string | The @ref update() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
json.exception.type_error.313 | invalid value to unflatten | The @ref unflatten function converts an object whose keys are JSON Pointers back into an arbitrary nested JSON value. The JSON Pointers must not overlap, because then the resulting value would not be well defined.
json.exception.type_error.314 | only objects can be unflattened | The @ref unflatten function only works for an object whose keys are JSON Pointers.
json.exception.type_error.315 | values in object must be primitive | The @ref unflatten function only works for an object whose keys are JSON Pointers and whose values are primitive.
json.exception.type_error.316 | invalid UTF-8 byte at index 10: 0x7E | The @ref dump function only works with UTF-8 encoded strings; that is, if you assign a `std::string` to a JSON value, make sure it is UTF-8 encoded. |
json.exception.type_error.317 | JSON value cannot be serialized to requested format | The dynamic type of the object cannot be represented in the requested serialization format (e.g. a raw `true` or `null` JSON object cannot be serialized to BSON) |

@liveexample{The following code shows how a `type_error` exception can be
caught.,type_error}

@sa - @ref exception for the base class of the library exceptions
@sa - @ref parse_error for exceptions indicating a parse error
@sa - @ref invalid_iterator for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range
@sa - @ref other_error for exceptions indicating other library errors

@since version 3.0.0
*/
class type_error : public exception
{
  public:
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static type_error create(int id_, const std::string& what_arg, const BasicJsonType& context)
    {
        std::string w = exception::name("type_error", id_) + exception::diagnostics(context) + what_arg;
        return type_error(id_, w.c_str());
    }

  private:
    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
    type_error(int id_, const char* what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
};

/*!
@brief exception indicating access out of the defined range

This exception is thrown in case a library function is called on an input
parameter that exceeds the expected range, for instance in case of array
indices or nonexisting object keys.

Exceptions have ids 4xx.

name / id                       | example message | description
------------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------
json.exception.out_of_range.401 | array index 3 is out of range | The provided array index @a i is larger than @a size-1.
json.exception.out_of_range.402 | array index '-' (3) is out of range | The special array index `-` in a JSON Pointer never describes a valid element of the array, but the index past the end. That is, it can only be used to add elements at this position, but not to read it.
json.exception.out_of_range.403 | key 'foo' not found | The provided key was not found in the JSON object.
json.exception.out_of_range.404 | unresolved reference token 'foo' | A reference token in a JSON Pointer could not be resolved.
json.exception.out_of_range.405 | JSON pointer has no parent | The JSON Patch operations 'remove' and 'add' can not be applied to the root element of the JSON value.
json.exception.out_of_range.406 | number overflow parsing '10E1000' | A parsed number could not be stored as without changing it to NaN or INF.
json.exception.out_of_range.407 | number overflow serializing '9223372036854775808' | UBJSON and BSON only support integer numbers up to 9223372036854775807. (until version 3.8.0) |
json.exception.out_of_range.408 | excessive array size: 8658170730974374167 | The size (following `#`) of an UBJSON array or object exceeds the maximal capacity. |
json.exception.out_of_range.409 | BSON key cannot contain code point U+0000 (at byte 2) | Key identifiers to be serialized to BSON cannot contain code point U+0000, since the key is stored as zero-terminated c-string |

@liveexample{The following code shows how an `out_of_range` exception can be
caught.,out_of_range}

@sa - @ref exception for the base class of the library exceptions
@sa - @ref parse_error for exceptions indicating a parse error
@sa - @ref invalid_iterator for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
@sa - @ref type_error for exceptions indicating executing a member function with
                    a wrong type
@sa - @ref other_error for exceptions indicating other library errors

@since version 3.0.0
*/
class out_of_range : public exception
{
  public:
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static out_of_range create(int id_, const std::string& what_arg, const BasicJsonType& context)
    {
        std::string w = exception::name("out_of_range", id_) + exception::diagnostics(context) + what_arg;
        return out_of_range(id_, w.c_str());
    }

  private:
    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
    out_of_range(int id_, const char* what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
};

/*!
@brief exception indicating other library errors

This exception is thrown in case of errors that cannot be classified with the
other exception types.

Exceptions have ids 5xx.

name / id                      | example message | description
------------------------------ | --------------- | -------------------------
json.exception.other_error.501 | unsuccessful: {"op":"test","path":"/baz", "value":"bar"} | A JSON Patch operation 'test' failed. The unsuccessful operation is also printed.

@sa - @ref exception for the base class of the library exceptions
@sa - @ref parse_error for exceptions indicating a parse error
@sa - @ref invalid_iterator for exceptions indicating errors with iterators
@sa - @ref type_error for exceptions indicating executing a member function with
                    a wrong type
@sa - @ref out_of_range for exceptions indicating access out of the defined range

@liveexample{The following code shows how an `other_error` exception can be
caught.,other_error}

@since version 3.0.0
*/
class other_error : public exception
{
  public:
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static other_error create(int id_, const std::string& what_arg, const BasicJsonType& context)
    {
        std::string w = exception::name("other_error", id_) + exception::diagnostics(context) + what_arg;
        return other_error(id_, w.c_str());
    }

  private:
    JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL(3)
    other_error(int id_, const char* what_arg) : exception(id_, what_arg) {}
};
}  // namespace detail
}  // namespace nlohmann