Merge pull request #22666 from zihaomu:support_onnx_qdq_model

DNN: let Quant and Dequant of ONNX_importer support the Constant input.

* let Quant and Dequant support the Constant input.

* fix negative value of axis.

modules/dnn/include/opencv2/dnn/all_layers.hpp

@@ -422,16 +422,16 @@ CV__DNN_INLINE_NS_BEGIN
     class CV_EXPORTS QuantizeLayer : public Layer
     {
     public:
-        float scale;
+        std::vector<float> scales;
-        int zeropoint;
+        std::vector<int> zeropoints;
         static Ptr<QuantizeLayer> create(const LayerParams &params);
     };
 
     class CV_EXPORTS DequantizeLayer : public Layer
     {
     public:
-        float scale;
+        std::vector<float> scales;
-        int zeropoint;
+        std::vector<int> zeropoints;
         static Ptr<DequantizeLayer> create(const LayerParams &params);
     };
 

modules/dnn/src/int8layers/quantization_utils.cpp

@@ -11,14 +11,88 @@ namespace cv
 namespace dnn
 {
 
+static void broadcast1D2TargetMat(Mat& data, const MatShape& targetShape, int axis)
+{
+    // The data is the 1-D scales or zeropoints.
+    CV_Assert(axis >= 0 && targetShape.size() > axis && data.total() == targetShape[axis]);
+    std::vector<int> broadcast_axes;
+    for (int i = 0; i < targetShape.size(); i++)
+    {
+        if (i != axis)
+            broadcast_axes.push_back(i);
+    }
+
+    MatShape subTargetShape = shape(data);
+
+    // convert std::vector to 1D Mat.
+    for (auto broadcast_axis : broadcast_axes)
+    {
+        subTargetShape[broadcast_axis] = targetShape[broadcast_axis];
+        data = data.reshape(0, total(data, 0, broadcast_axis));
+        Mat tmp = cv::repeat(data, 1, subTargetShape[broadcast_axis]);
+        data = tmp.reshape(0, subTargetShape);
+    }
+}
+
+static void broadcastScaleAndZeropoint(Mat& scalesMat, Mat& zeropointsMat, const std::vector<float>& scales,
+                                       const std::vector<int>& zeropoints, const MatShape& targetShape, int axis)
+{
+    // broad cast the scales and zeropoint to the input shape.
+    MatShape subTargetShape(targetShape.size(), 1);
+    subTargetShape[axis] = scales.size();
+
+    zeropointsMat.create(subTargetShape.size(), subTargetShape.data(), CV_32FC1);
+    scalesMat.create(subTargetShape.size(), subTargetShape.data(), CV_32FC1);
+
+    const int len = scales.size();
+    // Deep copy the scales and zeropoint data and prevent the original data from being changed.
+
+    float * scalePtr = scalesMat.ptr<float>(0);
+    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+        scalePtr[i] = scales[i];
+
+    float * zpPtr = zeropointsMat.ptr<float>(0);
+    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+        zpPtr[i] = (float )zeropoints[i];
+
+    broadcast1D2TargetMat(scalesMat, targetShape, axis);
+    broadcast1D2TargetMat(zeropointsMat, targetShape, axis);
+}
+
 // Quantize FP32/FP16 Inputs to INT8
 class QuantizeLayerImpl CV_FINAL : public QuantizeLayer
 {
 public:
+    int axis;
+    bool is1D;
+    Mat scalesMat, zeropointsMat; // Saving the broadcasetd scales data.
+
     QuantizeLayerImpl(const LayerParams& params)
     {
-        scale = params.get<float>("scales", 1.0f);
+        is1D = params.get<bool>("is1D", false);
-        zeropoint = params.get<int>("zeropoints", 0);
+        axis = params.get<int>("axis", 1);
+        if (!is1D)
+        {
+            scales.push_back(params.get<float>("scales", 1.0f));
+            zeropoints.push_back(params.get<int>("zeropoints", 0));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            DictValue paramScales = params.get("scales");
+            int i, n = paramScales.size();
+
+            CV_Assert(n > 0);
+            scales.resize(n, 0.);
+            for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                scales[i] = paramScales.get<float>(i);
+
+            zeropoints.resize(n, 0);
+            DictValue paramZp = params.get("zeropoints");
+            n = paramZp.size();
+
+            for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                zeropoints[i] = paramZp.get<int>(i);
+        }
         setParamsFrom(params);
     }
 
@@ -42,6 +116,14 @@ public:
         std::vector<Mat> inputs, outputs;
         inputs_arr.getMatVector(inputs);
         outputs_arr.getMatVector(outputs);
+
+        axis = normalize_axis(axis, shape(inputs[0]).size());
+
+        if (is1D)
+        {
+            MatShape inputShape = shape(inputs[0]);
+            broadcastScaleAndZeropoint(scalesMat, zeropointsMat, scales, zeropoints, inputShape, axis);
+        }
     }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_OPENCL
@@ -58,7 +140,7 @@ public:
             inputs[0] = inputFp32;  // replace
         }
 
-        inputs[0].convertTo(outputs[0], CV_8S, 1.f/scale, zeropoint);
+        inputs[0].convertTo(outputs[0], CV_8S, 1.f/scales[0], zeropoints[0]);
         return true;
     }
 #endif
@@ -68,14 +150,26 @@ public:
         CV_TRACE_FUNCTION();
         CV_TRACE_ARG_VALUE(name, "name", name.c_str());
 
-        CV_OCL_RUN(IS_DNN_OPENCL_TARGET(preferableTarget),
+        CV_OCL_RUN(IS_DNN_OPENCL_TARGET(preferableTarget) && !is1D,
                    forward_ocl(inputs_arr, outputs_arr, internals_arr))
 
         std::vector<Mat> inputs, outputs;
         inputs_arr.getMatVector(inputs);
         outputs_arr.getMatVector(outputs);
 
-        inputs[0].convertTo(outputs[0], CV_8S, 1.f/scale, zeropoint);
+        if (outputs[0].depth() != CV_8S)
+            outputs[0].convertTo(outputs[0], CV_8S);
+
+        if (is1D)
+        {
+            Mat inputTmp;
+            divide(inputs[0], scalesMat, inputTmp);
+            subtract(inputTmp, zeropointsMat, inputTmp);
+
+            inputTmp.convertTo(outputs[0], CV_8S);
+        }
+        else
+            inputs[0].convertTo(outputs[0], CV_8S, 1.f/scales[0], zeropoints[0]);
     }
 };
 
@@ -83,10 +177,38 @@ public:
 class DequantizeLayerImpl CV_FINAL : public DequantizeLayer
 {
 public:
+    int axis;
+    bool is1D;
+    Mat scalesMat, zeropointsMat; // Saving the broadcasetd scales data.
+
     DequantizeLayerImpl(const LayerParams& params)
     {
-        scale = params.get<float>("scales", 1.0f);
+        is1D = params.get<bool>("is1D", false);
-        zeropoint = params.get<int>("zeropoints", 0);
+        axis = params.get<int>("axis", 1);
+
+        if (!is1D)
+        {
+            scales.push_back(params.get<float>("scales", 1.0f));
+            zeropoints.push_back(params.get<int>("zeropoints", 0));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            DictValue paramScales = params.get("scales");
+            int i, n = paramScales.size();
+
+            CV_Assert(n > 0);
+            scales.resize(n);
+            for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                scales[i] = paramScales.get<float>(i);
+
+            zeropoints.resize(n, 0);
+            DictValue paramZp = params.get("zeropoints");
+            n = paramZp.size();
+
+            for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                zeropoints[i] = paramZp.get<int>(i);
+        }
+
         setParamsFrom(params);
     }
 
@@ -110,6 +232,14 @@ public:
         std::vector<Mat> inputs, outputs;
         inputs_arr.getMatVector(inputs);
         outputs_arr.getMatVector(outputs);
+
+        axis = normalize_axis(axis, shape(inputs[0]).size());
+
+        if (is1D)
+        {
+            MatShape inputShape = shape(inputs[0]);
+            broadcastScaleAndZeropoint(scalesMat, zeropointsMat, scales, zeropoints, inputShape, axis);
+        }
     }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_OPENCL
@@ -120,7 +250,7 @@ public:
         outputs_.getUMatVector(outputs);
 
         UMat outputFp32;
-        inputs[0].convertTo(outputFp32, CV_32F, scale, -(scale*zeropoint));
+        inputs[0].convertTo(outputFp32, CV_32F, scales[0], -(scales[0]*zeropoints[0]));
 
         if (outputs_.depth() == CV_16S)
             convertFp16(outputFp32, outputs[0]);
@@ -135,14 +265,25 @@ public:
         CV_TRACE_FUNCTION();
         CV_TRACE_ARG_VALUE(name, "name", name.c_str());
 
-        CV_OCL_RUN(IS_DNN_OPENCL_TARGET(preferableTarget),
+        CV_OCL_RUN(IS_DNN_OPENCL_TARGET(preferableTarget) && !is1D,
                    forward_ocl(inputs_arr, outputs_arr, internals_arr))
 
         std::vector<Mat> inputs, outputs;
         inputs_arr.getMatVector(inputs);
         outputs_arr.getMatVector(outputs);
 
-        inputs[0].convertTo(outputs[0], CV_32F, scale, -(scale*zeropoint));
+        if (outputs[0].depth() != CV_32F)
+            outputs[0].convertTo(outputs[0], CV_32F);
+
+        if (is1D)
+        {
+            Mat inputTmp;
+            inputs[0].convertTo(inputTmp, CV_32F);
+            subtract(inputTmp, zeropointsMat, inputTmp);
+            multiply(inputTmp, scalesMat, outputs[0]);
+        }
+        else
+            inputs[0].convertTo(outputs[0], CV_32F, scales[0], -(scales[0]*zeropoints[0]));
     }
 };
 

modules/dnn/src/onnx/onnx_importer.cpp

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ extern bool DNN_DIAGNOSTICS_RUN;
 class ONNXLayerHandler;
 
 template <typename T>
-static T getScaleFromMat(Mat m)
+static T getScalarFromMat(Mat m)
 {
     CV_Assert(m.total() == 1);
     return m.at<T>(0);
@@ -380,6 +380,9 @@ void runLayer(LayerParams& params, const std::vector<Mat>& inputs,
         inpShapes[i] = shape(inputs[i]);
         if (i > 0 && ddepth != inputs[i].depth())
             CV_Error(Error::StsNotImplemented, "Mixed input data types.");
+
+        // Quantize and Dequantize layer have different output type than input.
+        if (params.type != "Quantize" && params.type != "Dequantize")
             ddepth = inputs[i].depth();
     }
 
@@ -3240,20 +3243,66 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQuantDequant(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx
 {
     CV_Assert(node_proto.input_size() == 2 || node_proto.input_size() == 3);
     layerParams.type = (node_proto.op_type() == "QuantizeLinear") ? "Quantize" : "Dequantize";
+    int axis = layerParams.get<int>("axis", 1);
+    // For QuantizeLinear and DequantizeLinear, the scale and zeropoint can be a Scalar (per-tensor quantized)
+    // or 1-D tensor (per-channel quantized).
+    bool is1D = false;
 
-    float scale = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    Mat scaleMat = getBlob(node_proto, 1);
-    int zeropoint = 0;
+    if(scaleMat.total() > 1) is1D = true;
+
+    Mat zpMat;
     if (node_proto.input_size() == 3)
-         zeropoint = (int)getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
+    {
+        zpMat = getBlob(node_proto, 2);
+        CV_Assert(zpMat.total() ==  scaleMat.total()); // zero point should has the same shape as scale.
+    }
 
+    if (is1D)
+    {
+        const int num = scaleMat.total();
+
+        std::vector<int> zeropoints(num, 0);
+        std::vector<float> scales(num, 0);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
+        {
+            scales[i] = scaleMat.at<float>(i);
+            if (!zpMat.empty())
+                zeropoints[i] = zpMat.depth() == CV_32S ?
+                                zpMat.at<int>(i) : (int)zpMat.at<int8_t>(i);
+        }
+
+        layerParams.set("is1D", true);
+        layerParams.set("axis", axis);
+        layerParams.set("scales", DictValue::arrayReal(scales.data(), scales.size()));
+        layerParams.set("zeropoints", DictValue::arrayInt(zeropoints.data(), zeropoints.size()));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        int zeropoint = zpMat.empty() ? 0 : zpMat.depth() == CV_32S ?
+                                            getScalarFromMat<int>(zpMat) : (int)getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(zpMat);
+        float scale = getScalarFromMat<float>(scaleMat);
+
+        layerParams.set("is1D", false);
         layerParams.set("scales", scale);
         layerParams.set("zeropoints", zeropoint);
+    }
 
     if (layerParams.type == "Quantize")
         layerParams.set("depth", CV_8S);
     else // Dequantize
         layerParams.set("depth", CV_32F);
 
+    if (constBlobs.find(node_proto.input(0)) != constBlobs.end()) // Variable input.
+    {
+        std::vector<Mat> inputs, outputs;
+        inputs.push_back(getBlob(node_proto, 0));
+
+        runLayer(layerParams, inputs, outputs);
+        addConstant(node_proto.output(0), outputs[0]);
+    }
+    else
         addLayer(layerParams, node_proto);
 }
 
@@ -3263,8 +3312,8 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQConv(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::NodeP
     int ninputs = node_proto.input_size();
     CV_Assert(ninputs == 8 || ninputs == 9);
 
-    float inp_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    float inp_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
-    int inp_zp = (int)getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
+    int inp_zp = (int)getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
 
     if (layerParams.has("pad"))
     {
@@ -3312,8 +3361,8 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQConv(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::NodeP
     bool per_channel = w_scale.total() == outCn;
     Mat wt_sc = (w_scale.total() == outCn) ? w_scale : Mat(1, outCn, CV_32F, Scalar(w_scale.at<float>(0)));
 
-    float out_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 6));
+    float out_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 6));
-    int8_t out_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 7));
+    int8_t out_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 7));
 
     Mat bias = (ninputs == 9) ? getBlob(node_proto, 8) : Mat::zeros(1, outCn, CV_32S);
 
@@ -3349,8 +3398,8 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQMatMul(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::Nod
 
     int firstInpDims = outShapes[node_proto.input(0)].size();
 
-    float inp_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    float inp_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
-    int8_t inp_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
+    int8_t inp_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
 
     Mat weights = getBlob(node_proto, 3).t();
     int outCn = weights.size[0];
@@ -3361,8 +3410,8 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQMatMul(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::Nod
     bool per_channel = w_scale.total() == outCn ? true : false;
     Mat wt_sc = (w_scale.total() == outCn) ? w_scale : Mat(1, outCn, CV_32F, Scalar(w_scale.at<float>(0)));
 
-    float out_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 6));
+    float out_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 6));
-    int8_t out_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 7));
+    int8_t out_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 7));
 
     Mat bias(1, outCn, CV_32S);
     Mat outputMultiplier(1, outCn, CV_32F);
@@ -3411,8 +3460,8 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQGemm(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::NodeP
 
     int firstInpDims = outShapes[node_proto.input(0)].size();
 
-    float inp_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    float inp_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
-    int8_t inp_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
+    int8_t inp_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
 
     int outCn = weights.size[0];
     int secondInpDims = weights.dims;
@@ -3431,8 +3480,8 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQGemm(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::NodeP
             CV_Error(Error::StsUnsupportedFormat, "The zero-point non-zero case of W is not supported!");
     }
 
-    float out_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 7));
+    float out_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 7));
-    int8_t out_zp = ninputs == 9 ? getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 8)) : 0;
+    int8_t out_zp = ninputs == 9 ? getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 8)) : 0;
 
     Mat bias;
     if (constBlobs.find(node_proto.input(6)) != constBlobs.end())
@@ -3475,11 +3524,11 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQEltwise(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::No
             constId = i;
     }
 
-    float inp_0_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    float inp_0_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
-    int8_t inp_0_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
+    int8_t inp_0_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
 
-    float inp_1_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 4));
+    float inp_1_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 4));
-    int8_t inp_1_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 5));
+    int8_t inp_1_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 5));
 
     // Set 2nd input as the const input
     if (constId == 0)
@@ -3488,11 +3537,11 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQEltwise(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::No
         cv::swap(inp_0_zp, inp_1_zp);
     }
 
-    float out_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 6));
+    float out_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 6));
 
     int8_t out_zp = 0;
     if (node_proto.input_size() == 8)
-        out_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 7));
+        out_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 7));
 
     std::vector<float> inp_scales = {inp_0_sc, inp_1_sc};
     std::vector<int8_t> inp_zps = {inp_0_zp, inp_1_zp};
@@ -3608,10 +3657,10 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQLeakyRelu(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::
     CV_Assert(node_proto.input_size() == 4 || node_proto.input_size() == 5);
 
     float slope = layerParams.get<float>("alpha");
-    float inp_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    float inp_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
-    int8_t inp_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
+    int8_t inp_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
-    float out_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 3));
+    float out_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 3));
-    int8_t out_zp = node_proto.input_size() == 4 ? 0 : getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 4));
+    int8_t out_zp = node_proto.input_size() == 4 ? 0 : getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 4));
 
     Mat lookUpTable(1, 256, CV_8S);
     int8_t* table = lookUpTable.ptr<int8_t>();
@@ -3637,10 +3686,10 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQSigmoid(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::No
 {
     CV_Assert(node_proto.input_size() == 4 || node_proto.input_size() == 5);
 
-    float inp_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    float inp_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
-    int8_t inp_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
+    int8_t inp_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
-    float out_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 3));
+    float out_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 3));
-    int8_t out_zp = node_proto.input_size() == 4 ? 0 : getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 4));
+    int8_t out_zp = node_proto.input_size() == 4 ? 0 : getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 4));
 
     Mat lookUpTable(1, 256, CV_8S);
     int8_t* table = lookUpTable.ptr<int8_t>();
@@ -3665,10 +3714,10 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQAvgPool(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::No
 {
     CV_Assert(node_proto.input_size() == 4 || node_proto.input_size() == 5);
 
-    float inp_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    float inp_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
-    int8_t inp_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
+    int8_t inp_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 2));
-    float out_sc = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 3));
+    float out_sc = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 3));
-    int8_t out_zp = node_proto.input_size() == 4 ? 0 : getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 4));
+    int8_t out_zp = node_proto.input_size() == 4 ? 0 : getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 4));
 
     layerParams.type = "PoolingInt8";
     layerParams.set("pool", "ave");
@@ -3687,13 +3736,13 @@ void ONNXImporter::parseQConcat(LayerParams& layerParams, const opencv_onnx::Nod
     layerParams.type = "ConcatInt8";
     int num_inputs = node_proto.input_size();
 
-    float out_scale = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 0));
+    float out_scale = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, 0));
-    int8_t out_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
+    int8_t out_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, 1));
 
     for (int i = 2; i < num_inputs; i += 3)
     {
-        float inp_scale = getScaleFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, i + 1));
+        float inp_scale = getScalarFromMat<float>(getBlob(node_proto, i + 1));
-        int8_t inp_zp = getScaleFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, i + 2));
+        int8_t inp_zp = getScalarFromMat<int8_t>(getBlob(node_proto, i + 2));
 
         if (inp_scale != out_scale || inp_zp != out_zp)
         {

modules/dnn/test/test_onnx_importer.cpp

@@ -1824,11 +1824,22 @@ TEST_P(Test_ONNX_layers, Gemm)
 
 TEST_P(Test_ONNX_layers, Quantized_Convolution)
 {
+    // The difference of QOperator and QDQ format:
+    // https://onnxruntime.ai/docs/performance/quantization.html#onnx-quantization-representation-format.
+    {
+        SCOPED_TRACE("QOperator quantized model.");
         testONNXModels("quantized_conv_uint8_weights", npy, 0.004, 0.02);
         testONNXModels("quantized_conv_int8_weights", npy, 0.03, 0.5);
         testONNXModels("quantized_conv_per_channel_weights", npy, 0.06, 0.4);
-
         testONNXModels("quantized_conv_asymmetric_pads_int8_weights");
+    }
+
+    {
+        SCOPED_TRACE("QDQ quantized model.");
+        testONNXModels("quantized_conv_uint8_weights_qdq", npy, 0.004, 0.02);
+        testONNXModels("quantized_conv_int8_weights_qdq", npy, 0.03, 0.5);
+        testONNXModels("quantized_conv_per_channel_weights_qdq", npy, 0.06, 0.4);
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(Test_ONNX_layers, Quantized_MatMul)