Rewrite Mat formatting without std streams

This commit is contained in:
Andrey Kamaev 2013-04-02 15:18:17 +04:00
parent 7193a73ca0
commit c979de1eed
7 changed files with 404 additions and 335 deletions

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@ -400,96 +400,80 @@ template<typename _Tp> static inline _Tp randu()
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class CV_EXPORTS Formatted
{
public:
virtual const char* next() = 0;
virtual void reset() = 0;
virtual ~Formatted();
};
class CV_EXPORTS Formatter
{
public:
virtual ~Formatter() {}
virtual void write(std::ostream& out, const Mat& m, const int* params=0, int nparams=0) const = 0;
virtual void write(std::ostream& out, const void* data, int nelems, int type,
const int* params=0, int nparams=0) const = 0;
static const Formatter* get(const char* fmt="");
static const Formatter* setDefault(const Formatter* fmt);
enum { FMT_MATLAB = 0,
FMT_CSV = 1,
FMT_PYTHON = 2,
FMT_NUMPY = 3,
FMT_C = 4,
FMT_DEFAULT = FMT_MATLAB
};
virtual ~Formatter();
virtual Ptr<Formatted> format(const Mat& mtx) const = 0;
virtual void set32fPrecision(int p = 8) = 0;
virtual void set64fPrecision(int p = 16) = 0;
virtual void setMultiline(bool ml = true) = 0;
static Ptr<Formatter> get(int fmt = FMT_DEFAULT);
};
struct CV_EXPORTS Formatted
static inline
Ptr<Formatted> format(InputArray mtx, int fmt)
{
Formatted(const Mat& m, const Formatter* fmt,
const std::vector<int>& params);
Formatted(const Mat& m, const Formatter* fmt,
const int* params=0);
Mat mtx;
const Formatter* fmt;
std::vector<int> params;
};
static inline Formatted format(const Mat& mtx, const char* fmt,
const std::vector<int>& params=std::vector<int>())
{
return Formatted(mtx, Formatter::get(fmt), params);
return Formatter::get(fmt)->format(mtx.getMat());
}
template<typename _Tp> static inline Formatted format(const std::vector<Point_<_Tp> >& vec,
const char* fmt, const std::vector<int>& params=std::vector<int>())
{
return Formatted(Mat(vec), Formatter::get(fmt), params);
}
template<typename _Tp> static inline Formatted format(const std::vector<Point3_<_Tp> >& vec,
const char* fmt, const std::vector<int>& params=std::vector<int>())
static inline
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, Ptr<Formatted> fmtd)
{
return Formatted(Mat(vec), Formatter::get(fmt), params);
}
/** \brief prints Mat to the output stream in Matlab notation
* use like
@verbatim
Mat my_mat = Mat::eye(3,3,CV_32F);
std::cout << my_mat;
@endverbatim
*/
static inline std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, const Mat& mtx)
{
Formatter::get()->write(out, mtx);
fmtd->reset();
for(const char* str = fmtd->next(); str; str = fmtd->next())
out << str;
return out;
}
/** \brief prints Mat to the output stream allows in the specified notation (see format)
* use like
@verbatim
Mat my_mat = Mat::eye(3,3,CV_32F);
std::cout << my_mat;
@endverbatim
*/
static inline std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, const Formatted& fmtd)
static inline
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, const Mat& mtx)
{
fmtd.fmt->write(out, fmtd.mtx);
return out;
return out << Formatter::get()->format(mtx);
}
template<typename _Tp> static inline
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, const std::vector<Point_<_Tp> >& vec)
{
return out << Formatter::get()->format(Mat(vec));
}
template<typename _Tp> static inline std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out,
const std::vector<Point_<_Tp> >& vec)
template<typename _Tp> static inline
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, const std::vector<Point3_<_Tp> >& vec)
{
Formatter::get()->write(out, Mat(vec));
return out;
}
template<typename _Tp> static inline std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out,
const std::vector<Point3_<_Tp> >& vec)
{
Formatter::get()->write(out, Mat(vec));
return out;
return out << Formatter::get()->format(Mat(vec));
}
/** Writes a Matx to an output stream.
*/
template<typename _Tp, int m, int n> inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Matx<_Tp, m, n>& matx)
template<typename _Tp, int m, int n> inline
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, const Matx<_Tp, m, n>& matx)
{
out << cv::Mat(matx);
return out;
return out << Formatter::get()->format(matx);
}
/** Writes a point to an output stream in Matlab notation

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@ -227,6 +227,51 @@ public:
};
};
template<int depth> class TypeDepth {};
template<> class TypeDepth<CV_8U>
{
enum { depth = CV_8U };
typedef uchar value_type;
};
template<> class TypeDepth<CV_8S>
{
enum { depth = CV_8S };
typedef schar value_type;
};
template<> class TypeDepth<CV_16U>
{
enum { depth = CV_16U };
typedef ushort value_type;
};
template<> class TypeDepth<CV_16S>
{
enum { depth = CV_16S };
typedef short value_type;
};
template<> class TypeDepth<CV_32S>
{
enum { depth = CV_32S };
typedef int value_type;
};
template<> class TypeDepth<CV_32F>
{
enum { depth = CV_32F };
typedef float value_type;
};
template<> class TypeDepth<CV_64F>
{
enum { depth = CV_64F };
typedef double value_type;
};
} // cv
#endif // __OPENCV_CORE_TRAITS_HPP__

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@ -11,7 +11,8 @@
// For Open Source Computer Vision Library
//
// Copyright (C) 2000-2008, Intel Corporation, all rights reserved.
// Copyright (C) 2009-2010, Willow Garage Inc., all rights reserved.
// Copyright (C) 2009, Willow Garage Inc., all rights reserved.
// Copyright (C) 2013, OpenCV Foundation, all rights reserved.
// Third party copyrights are property of their respective owners.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
@ -41,267 +42,305 @@
//M*/
#include "precomp.hpp"
#include <iterator>
namespace
{
class FormattedImpl : public cv::Formatted
{
enum { STATE_PROLOGUE, STATE_EPILOGUE, STATE_ROW_OPEN, STATE_ROW_CLOSE, STATE_CN_OPEN, STATE_CN_CLOSE, STATE_VALUE, STATE_FINISHED,
STATE_LINE_SEPARATOR, STATE_CN_SEPARATOR, STATE_VALUE_SEPARATOR };
enum {BRACE_ROW_OPEN = 0, BRACE_ROW_CLOSE = 1, BRACE_ROW_SEP=2, BRACE_CN_OPEN=3, BRACE_CN_CLOSE=4 };
char floatFormat[8];
char buf[32]; // enough for double with precision up to 20
cv::Mat mtx;
int mcn;
bool singleLine;
int state;
int row;
int col;
int cn;
cv::String prologue;
cv::String epilogue;
char braces[5];
void (FormattedImpl::*valueToStr)();
void valueToStr8u() { sprintf(buf, "%3d", (int)mtx.ptr<uchar>(row, col)[cn]); }
void valueToStr8s() { sprintf(buf, "%3d", (int)mtx.ptr<schar>(row, col)[cn]); }
void valueToStr16u() { sprintf(buf, "%d", (int)mtx.ptr<ushort>(row, col)[cn]); }
void valueToStr16s() { sprintf(buf, "%d", (int)mtx.ptr<short>(row, col)[cn]); }
void valueToStr32s() { sprintf(buf, "%d", mtx.ptr<int>(row, col)[cn]); }
void valueToStr32f() { sprintf(buf, floatFormat, mtx.ptr<float>(row, col)[cn]); }
void valueToStr64f() { sprintf(buf, floatFormat, mtx.ptr<double>(row, col)[cn]); }
void valueToStrOther() { buf[0] = 0; }
public:
FormattedImpl(cv::String pl, cv::String el, cv::Mat m, char br[5], bool sLine, int precision)
{
prologue = pl;
epilogue = el;
mtx = m;
mcn = m.channels();
memcpy(braces, br, 5);
state = STATE_PROLOGUE;
singleLine = sLine;
if (precision < 0)
{
floatFormat[0] = '%';
floatFormat[1] = 'a';
floatFormat[2] = 0;
}
else
{
sprintf(floatFormat, "%%.%dg", std::min(precision, 20));
}
switch(mtx.depth())
{
case CV_8U: valueToStr = &FormattedImpl::valueToStr8u; break;
case CV_8S: valueToStr = &FormattedImpl::valueToStr8s; break;
case CV_16U: valueToStr = &FormattedImpl::valueToStr16u; break;
case CV_16S: valueToStr = &FormattedImpl::valueToStr16s; break;
case CV_32S: valueToStr = &FormattedImpl::valueToStr32s; break;
case CV_32F: valueToStr = &FormattedImpl::valueToStr32f; break;
case CV_64F: valueToStr = &FormattedImpl::valueToStr64f; break;
default: valueToStr = &FormattedImpl::valueToStrOther; break;
}
}
void reset()
{
state = STATE_PROLOGUE;
}
const char* next()
{
switch(state)
{
case STATE_PROLOGUE:
row = 0;
if (mtx.empty())
state = STATE_EPILOGUE;
else
state = STATE_ROW_OPEN;
return prologue.c_str();
case STATE_EPILOGUE:
state = STATE_FINISHED;
return epilogue.c_str();
case STATE_ROW_OPEN:
col = 0;
state = STATE_CN_OPEN;
{
size_t pos = 0;
if (row > 0)
while(pos < prologue.size() && pos < sizeof(buf) - 2)
buf[pos++] = ' ';
if (braces[BRACE_ROW_OPEN])
buf[pos++] = braces[BRACE_ROW_OPEN];
if(!pos)
return next();
buf[pos] = 0;
}
return buf;
case STATE_ROW_CLOSE:
state = STATE_LINE_SEPARATOR;
++row;
if (braces[BRACE_ROW_CLOSE])
{
buf[0] = braces[BRACE_ROW_CLOSE];
buf[1] = row < mtx.rows ? ',' : '\0';
buf[2] = 0;
return buf;
}
else if(braces[BRACE_ROW_SEP] && row < mtx.rows)
{
buf[0] = braces[BRACE_ROW_SEP];
buf[1] = 0;
return buf;
}
return next();
case STATE_CN_OPEN:
cn = 0;
state = STATE_VALUE;
if (mcn > 1 && braces[BRACE_CN_OPEN])
{
buf[0] = braces[BRACE_CN_OPEN];
buf[1] = 0;
return buf;
}
return next();
case STATE_CN_CLOSE:
++col;
if (col >= mtx.cols)
state = STATE_ROW_CLOSE;
else
state = STATE_CN_SEPARATOR;
if (mcn > 1 && braces[BRACE_CN_CLOSE])
{
buf[0] = braces[BRACE_CN_CLOSE];
buf[1] = 0;
return buf;
}
return next();
case STATE_VALUE:
(this->*valueToStr)();
if (++cn >= mcn)
state = STATE_CN_CLOSE;
else
state = STATE_VALUE_SEPARATOR;
return buf;
case STATE_FINISHED:
return 0;
case STATE_LINE_SEPARATOR:
if (row >= mtx.rows)
{
state = STATE_EPILOGUE;
return next();
}
state = STATE_ROW_OPEN;
buf[0] = singleLine ? ' ' : '\n';
buf[1] = 0;
return buf;
case STATE_CN_SEPARATOR:
state = STATE_CN_OPEN;
buf[0] = ',';
buf[1] = ' ';
buf[2] = 0;
return buf;
case STATE_VALUE_SEPARATOR:
state = STATE_VALUE;
buf[0] = ',';
buf[1] = ' ';
buf[2] = 0;
return buf;
}
return 0;
}
};
class FormatterBase : public cv::Formatter
{
public:
FormatterBase() : prec32f(8), prec64f(16), multiline(true) {}
void set32fPrecision(int p)
{
prec32f = p;
}
void set64fPrecision(int p)
{
prec64f = p;
}
void setMultiline(bool ml)
{
multiline = ml;
}
protected:
int prec32f;
int prec64f;
int multiline;
};
class MatlabFormatter : public FormatterBase
{
public:
cv::Ptr<cv::Formatted> format(const cv::Mat& mtx) const
{
char braces[5] = {'\0', '\0', ';', '\0', '\0'};
return new FormattedImpl("[", "]", mtx, braces,
mtx.cols == 1 || !multiline, mtx.depth() == CV_64F ? prec64f : prec32f );
}
};
class PythonFormatter : public FormatterBase
{
public:
cv::Ptr<cv::Formatted> format(const cv::Mat& mtx) const
{
char braces[5] = {'[', ']', '\0', '[', ']'};
if (mtx.cols == 1)
braces[0] = braces[1] = '\0';
return new FormattedImpl("[", "]", mtx, braces,
mtx.cols*mtx.channels() == 1 || !multiline, mtx.depth() == CV_64F ? prec64f : prec32f );
}
};
class NumpyFormatter : public FormatterBase
{
public:
cv::Ptr<cv::Formatted> format(const cv::Mat& mtx) const
{
static const char* numpyTypes[] =
{
"uint8", "int8", "uint16", "int16", "int32", "float32", "float64", "uint64"
};
char braces[5] = {'[', ']', '\0', '[', ']'};
if (mtx.cols == 1)
braces[0] = braces[1] = '\0';
return new FormattedImpl("array([", cv::format("], type='%s')", numpyTypes[mtx.depth()]), mtx, braces,
mtx.cols*mtx.channels() == 1 || !multiline, mtx.depth() == CV_64F ? prec64f : prec32f );
}
};
class CSVFormatter : public FormatterBase
{
public:
cv::Ptr<cv::Formatted> format(const cv::Mat& mtx) const
{
char braces[5] = {'\0', '\0', '\0', '\0', '\0'};
return new FormattedImpl(cv::String(), mtx.rows > 1 ? cv::String("\n") : cv::String(), mtx, braces,
mtx.cols*mtx.channels() == 1 || !multiline, mtx.depth() == CV_64F ? prec64f : prec32f );
}
};
class CFormatter : public FormatterBase
{
public:
cv::Ptr<cv::Formatted> format(const cv::Mat& mtx) const
{
char braces[5] = {'\0', '\0', ',', '\0', '\0'};
return new FormattedImpl("{", "}", mtx, braces,
mtx.cols == 1 || !multiline, mtx.depth() == CV_64F ? prec64f : prec32f );
}
};
} // namespace
namespace cv
{
Formatted::~Formatted() {}
Formatter::~Formatter() {}
static inline char getCloseBrace(char c)
{
return c == '[' ? ']' : c == '(' ? ')' : c == '{' ? '}' : '\0';
}
template<typename _Tp> static void writeElems(std::ostream& out, const _Tp* data,
int nelems, int cn, char obrace, char cbrace)
{
typedef typename DataType<_Tp>::work_type _WTp;
nelems *= cn;
for(int i = 0; i < nelems; i += cn)
Ptr<Formatter> Formatter::get(int fmt)
{
if(cn == 1)
switch(fmt)
{
out << (_WTp)data[i] << (i+1 < nelems ? ", " : "");
continue;
case FMT_MATLAB:
return new MatlabFormatter();
case FMT_CSV:
return new CSVFormatter();
case FMT_PYTHON:
return new PythonFormatter();
case FMT_NUMPY:
return new NumpyFormatter();
case FMT_C:
return new CFormatter();
}
out << obrace;
for(int j = 0; j < cn; j++)
out << (_WTp)data[i + j] << (j+1 < cn ? ", " : "");
out << cbrace << (i+cn < nelems ? ", " : "");
return new MatlabFormatter();
}
}
static void writeElems(std::ostream& out, const void* data, int nelems, int type, char brace)
{
int depth = CV_MAT_DEPTH(type), cn = CV_MAT_CN(type);
char cbrace = ' ';
if(!brace || isspace(brace))
{
nelems *= cn;
cn = 1;
}
else
cbrace = getCloseBrace(brace);
if(depth == CV_8U)
writeElems(out, (const uchar*)data, nelems, cn, brace, cbrace);
else if(depth == CV_8S)
writeElems(out, (const schar*)data, nelems, cn, brace, cbrace);
else if(depth == CV_16U)
writeElems(out, (const ushort*)data, nelems, cn, brace, cbrace);
else if(depth == CV_16S)
writeElems(out, (const short*)data, nelems, cn, brace, cbrace);
else if(depth == CV_32S)
writeElems(out, (const int*)data, nelems, cn, brace, cbrace);
else if(depth == CV_32F)
{
std::streamsize pp = out.precision();
out.precision(8);
writeElems(out, (const float*)data, nelems, cn, brace, cbrace);
out.precision(pp);
}
else if(depth == CV_64F)
{
std::streamsize pp = out.precision();
out.precision(16);
writeElems(out, (const double*)data, nelems, cn, brace, cbrace);
out.precision(pp);
}
else
CV_Error(CV_StsUnsupportedFormat, "");
}
static void writeMat(std::ostream& out, const Mat& m, char rowsep, char elembrace, bool singleLine)
{
CV_Assert(m.dims <= 2);
int type = m.type();
char crowbrace = getCloseBrace(rowsep);
char orowbrace = crowbrace ? rowsep : '\0';
if( orowbrace || isspace(rowsep) )
rowsep = '\0';
for( int i = 0; i < m.rows; i++ )
{
if(orowbrace)
out << orowbrace;
if( m.data )
writeElems(out, m.ptr(i), m.cols, type, elembrace);
if(orowbrace)
out << crowbrace << (i+1 < m.rows ? ", " : "");
if(i+1 < m.rows)
{
if(rowsep)
out << rowsep << (singleLine ? " " : "");
if(!singleLine)
out << "\n ";
}
}
}
class MatlabFormatter : public Formatter
{
public:
virtual ~MatlabFormatter() {}
void write(std::ostream& out, const Mat& m, const int*, int) const
{
out << "[";
writeMat(out, m, ';', ' ', m.cols == 1);
out << "]";
}
void write(std::ostream& out, const void* data, int nelems, int type, const int*, int) const
{
writeElems(out, data, nelems, type, ' ');
}
};
class PythonFormatter : public Formatter
{
public:
virtual ~PythonFormatter() {}
void write(std::ostream& out, const Mat& m, const int*, int) const
{
out << "[";
writeMat(out, m, m.cols > 1 ? '[' : ' ', '[', m.cols*m.channels() == 1);
out << "]";
}
void write(std::ostream& out, const void* data, int nelems, int type, const int*, int) const
{
writeElems(out, data, nelems, type, '[');
}
};
class NumpyFormatter : public Formatter
{
public:
virtual ~NumpyFormatter() {}
void write(std::ostream& out, const Mat& m, const int*, int) const
{
static const char* numpyTypes[] =
{
"uint8", "int8", "uint16", "int16", "int32", "float32", "float64", "uint64"
};
out << "array([";
writeMat(out, m, m.cols > 1 ? '[' : ' ', '[', m.cols*m.channels() == 1);
out << "], type='" << numpyTypes[m.depth()] << "')";
}
void write(std::ostream& out, const void* data, int nelems, int type, const int*, int) const
{
writeElems(out, data, nelems, type, '[');
}
};
class CSVFormatter : public Formatter
{
public:
virtual ~CSVFormatter() {}
void write(std::ostream& out, const Mat& m, const int*, int) const
{
writeMat(out, m, ' ', ' ', m.cols*m.channels() == 1);
if(m.rows > 1)
out << "\n";
}
void write(std::ostream& out, const void* data, int nelems, int type, const int*, int) const
{
writeElems(out, data, nelems, type, ' ');
}
};
class CFormatter : public Formatter
{
public:
virtual ~CFormatter() {}
void write(std::ostream& out, const Mat& m, const int*, int) const
{
out << "{";
writeMat(out, m, ',', ' ', m.cols==1);
out << "}";
}
void write(std::ostream& out, const void* data, int nelems, int type, const int*, int) const
{
writeElems(out, data, nelems, type, ' ');
}
};
static MatlabFormatter matlabFormatter;
static PythonFormatter pythonFormatter;
static NumpyFormatter numpyFormatter;
static CSVFormatter csvFormatter;
static CFormatter cFormatter;
static const Formatter* g_defaultFormatter0 = &matlabFormatter;
static const Formatter* g_defaultFormatter = &matlabFormatter;
static bool my_streq(const char* a, const char* b)
{
size_t i, alen = strlen(a), blen = strlen(b);
if( alen != blen )
return false;
for( i = 0; i < alen; i++ )
if( a[i] != b[i] && a[i] - 32 != b[i] )
return false;
return true;
}
const Formatter* Formatter::get(const char* fmt)
{
if(!fmt || my_streq(fmt, ""))
return g_defaultFormatter;
if( my_streq(fmt, "MATLAB"))
return &matlabFormatter;
if( my_streq(fmt, "CSV"))
return &csvFormatter;
if( my_streq(fmt, "PYTHON"))
return &pythonFormatter;
if( my_streq(fmt, "NUMPY"))
return &numpyFormatter;
if( my_streq(fmt, "C"))
return &cFormatter;
CV_Error(CV_StsBadArg, "Unknown formatter");
return g_defaultFormatter;
}
const Formatter* Formatter::setDefault(const Formatter* fmt)
{
const Formatter* prevFmt = g_defaultFormatter;
if(!fmt)
fmt = g_defaultFormatter0;
g_defaultFormatter = fmt;
return prevFmt;
}
Formatted::Formatted(const Mat& _m, const Formatter* _fmt,
const std::vector<int>& _params)
{
mtx = _m;
fmt = _fmt ? _fmt : Formatter::get();
std::copy(_params.begin(), _params.end(), back_inserter(params));
}
Formatted::Formatted(const Mat& _m, const Formatter* _fmt, const int* _params)
{
mtx = _m;
fmt = _fmt ? _fmt : Formatter::get();
if( _params )
{
int i, maxParams = 100;
for(i = 0; i < maxParams && _params[i] != 0; i+=2)
;
std::copy(_params, _params + i, back_inserter(params));
}
}
}
} // cv

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@ -378,6 +378,7 @@ protected:
TEST(Core_InputOutput, write_read_consistency) { Core_IOTest test; test.safe_run(); }
extern void testFormatter();
class CV_MiscIOTest : public cvtest::BaseTest
{

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@ -1501,8 +1501,8 @@ static gboolean icvOnMouse( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEvent *event, gpointer user_da
{
// TODO move this logic to CvImageWidget
CvWindow* window = (CvWindow*)user_data;
CvPoint2D32f pt32f = {-1., -1.};
CvPoint pt = {-1,-1};
CvPoint2D32f pt32f(-1., -1.);
CvPoint pt(-1,-1);
int cv_event = -1, state = 0;
CvImageWidget * image_widget = CV_IMAGE_WIDGET( widget );

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@ -30,16 +30,16 @@ int main(int,char**)
help();
Mat I = Mat::eye(4, 4, CV_64F);
I.at<double>(1,1) = CV_PI;
cout << "I = " << I << ";" << endl;
cout << "I = \n" << I << ";" << endl << endl;
Mat r = Mat(10, 3, CV_8UC3);
randu(r, Scalar::all(0), Scalar::all(255));
cout << "r (default) = " << r << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (python) = " << format(r,"python") << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (numpy) = " << format(r,"numpy") << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (csv) = " << format(r,"csv") << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (c) = " << format(r,"C") << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (default) = \n" << r << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (python) = \n" << format(r, Formatter::FMT_PYTHON) << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (numpy) = \n" << format(r, Formatter::FMT_NUMPY) << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (csv) = \n" << format(r, Formatter::FMT_CSV) << ";" << endl << endl;
cout << "r (c) = \n" << format(r, Formatter::FMT_C) << ";" << endl << endl;
Point2f p(5, 1);
cout << "p = " << p << ";" << endl;

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@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ int main(int,char**)
// Demonstrate the output formating options
cout << "R (default) = " << endl << R << endl << endl;
cout << "R (python) = " << endl << format(R,"python") << endl << endl;
cout << "R (numpy) = " << endl << format(R,"numpy" ) << endl << endl;
cout << "R (csv) = " << endl << format(R,"csv" ) << endl << endl;
cout << "R (c) = " << endl << format(R,"C" ) << endl << endl;
cout << "R (python) = " << endl << format(R, Formatter::FMT_PYTHON) << endl << endl;
cout << "R (numpy) = " << endl << format(R, Formatter::FMT_NUMPY ) << endl << endl;
cout << "R (csv) = " << endl << format(R, Formatter::FMT_CSV ) << endl << endl;
cout << "R (c) = " << endl << format(R, Formatter::FMT_C ) << endl << endl;
Point2f P(5, 1);
cout << "Point (2D) = " << P << endl << endl;