Fix distransform to work with large images #22798
This attempts to fix the following bug which was caused by storing squares of large integers into 32-bit floating point variables:
https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/22732
### Pull Request Readiness Checklist
See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request
- [x] I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
- [x] To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
- [x] The PR is proposed to the proper branch
- [x] There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
- [x] There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
- [ ] The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake
* fix 12218
* Update test_distancetransform.cpp
marked the test as "BIGDATA_TEST" in order to skip it on low-mem platforms
* modify test
* use a smaller image in the test
* fix test code
- removed tr1 usage (dropped in C++17)
- moved includes of vector/map/iostream/limits into ts.hpp
- require opencv_test + anonymous namespace (added compile check)
- fixed norm() usage (must be from cvtest::norm for checks) and other conflict functions
- added missing license headers
