/*M/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // IMPORTANT: READ BEFORE DOWNLOADING, COPYING, INSTALLING OR USING. // // By downloading, copying, installing or using the software you agree to this license. // If you do not agree to this license, do not download, install, // copy or use the software. // // // Intel License Agreement // // Copyright (C) 2000, Intel Corporation, all rights reserved. // Third party copyrights are property of their respective owners. // // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, // are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: // // * Redistribution's of source code must retain the above copyright notice, // this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. // // * Redistribution's in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, // this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation // and/or other materials provided with the distribution. // // * The name of Intel Corporation may not be used to endorse or promote products // derived from this software without specific prior written permission. // // This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and // any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied // warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. // In no event shall the Intel Corporation or contributors be liable for any direct, // indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages // (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; // loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused // and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, // or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of // the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. // //M*/ // This file implements the foreground/background pixel // discrimination algorithm described in // // Foreground Object Detection from Videos Containing Complex Background // Li, Huan, Gu, Tian 2003 9p // http://muq.org/~cynbe/bib/foreground-object-detection-from-videos-containing-complex-background.pdf #include "precomp.hpp" #include #include #include //#include static double* _cv_max_element( double* start, double* end ) { double* p = start++; for( ; start != end; ++start) { if (*p < *start) p = start; } return p; } static void CV_CDECL icvReleaseFGDStatModel( CvFGDStatModel** model ); static int CV_CDECL icvUpdateFGDStatModel( IplImage* curr_frame, CvFGDStatModel* model, double ); // Function cvCreateFGDStatModel initializes foreground detection process // parameters: // first_frame - frame from video sequence // parameters - (optional) if NULL default parameters of the algorithm will be used // p_model - pointer to CvFGDStatModel structure CV_IMPL CvBGStatModel* cvCreateFGDStatModel( IplImage* first_frame, CvFGDStatModelParams* parameters ) { CvFGDStatModel* p_model = 0; CV_FUNCNAME( "cvCreateFGDStatModel" ); __BEGIN__; int i, j, k, pixel_count, buf_size; CvFGDStatModelParams params; if( !CV_IS_IMAGE(first_frame) ) CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, "Invalid or NULL first_frame parameter" ); if (first_frame->nChannels != 3) CV_ERROR( CV_StsBadArg, "first_frame must have 3 color channels" ); // Initialize parameters: if( parameters == NULL ) { params.Lc = CV_BGFG_FGD_LC; params.N1c = CV_BGFG_FGD_N1C; params.N2c = CV_BGFG_FGD_N2C; params.Lcc = CV_BGFG_FGD_LCC; params.N1cc = CV_BGFG_FGD_N1CC; params.N2cc = CV_BGFG_FGD_N2CC; params.delta = CV_BGFG_FGD_DELTA; params.alpha1 = CV_BGFG_FGD_ALPHA_1; params.alpha2 = CV_BGFG_FGD_ALPHA_2; params.alpha3 = CV_BGFG_FGD_ALPHA_3; params.T = CV_BGFG_FGD_T; params.minArea = CV_BGFG_FGD_MINAREA; params.is_obj_without_holes = 1; params.perform_morphing = 1; } else { params = *parameters; } CV_CALL( p_model = (CvFGDStatModel*)cvAlloc( sizeof(*p_model) )); memset( p_model, 0, sizeof(*p_model) ); p_model->type = CV_BG_MODEL_FGD; p_model->release = (CvReleaseBGStatModel)icvReleaseFGDStatModel; p_model->update = (CvUpdateBGStatModel)icvUpdateFGDStatModel;; p_model->params = params; // Initialize storage pools: pixel_count = first_frame->width * first_frame->height; buf_size = pixel_count*sizeof(p_model->pixel_stat[0]); CV_CALL( p_model->pixel_stat = (CvBGPixelStat*)cvAlloc(buf_size) ); memset( p_model->pixel_stat, 0, buf_size ); buf_size = pixel_count*params.N2c*sizeof(p_model->pixel_stat[0].ctable[0]); CV_CALL( p_model->pixel_stat[0].ctable = (CvBGPixelCStatTable*)cvAlloc(buf_size) ); memset( p_model->pixel_stat[0].ctable, 0, buf_size ); buf_size = pixel_count*params.N2cc*sizeof(p_model->pixel_stat[0].cctable[0]); CV_CALL( p_model->pixel_stat[0].cctable = (CvBGPixelCCStatTable*)cvAlloc(buf_size) ); memset( p_model->pixel_stat[0].cctable, 0, buf_size ); for( i = 0, k = 0; i < first_frame->height; i++ ) { for( j = 0; j < first_frame->width; j++, k++ ) { p_model->pixel_stat[k].ctable = p_model->pixel_stat[0].ctable + k*params.N2c; p_model->pixel_stat[k].cctable = p_model->pixel_stat[0].cctable + k*params.N2cc; } } // Init temporary images: CV_CALL( p_model->Ftd = cvCreateImage(cvSize(first_frame->width, first_frame->height), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1)); CV_CALL( p_model->Fbd = cvCreateImage(cvSize(first_frame->width, first_frame->height), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1)); CV_CALL( p_model->foreground = cvCreateImage(cvSize(first_frame->width, first_frame->height), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1)); CV_CALL( p_model->background = cvCloneImage(first_frame)); CV_CALL( p_model->prev_frame = cvCloneImage(first_frame)); CV_CALL( p_model->storage = cvCreateMemStorage()); __END__; if( cvGetErrStatus() < 0 ) { CvBGStatModel* base_ptr = (CvBGStatModel*)p_model; if( p_model && p_model->release ) p_model->release( &base_ptr ); else cvFree( &p_model ); p_model = 0; } return (CvBGStatModel*)p_model; } static void CV_CDECL icvReleaseFGDStatModel( CvFGDStatModel** _model ) { CV_FUNCNAME( "icvReleaseFGDStatModel" ); __BEGIN__; if( !_model ) CV_ERROR( CV_StsNullPtr, "" ); if( *_model ) { CvFGDStatModel* model = *_model; if( model->pixel_stat ) { cvFree( &model->pixel_stat[0].ctable ); cvFree( &model->pixel_stat[0].cctable ); cvFree( &model->pixel_stat ); } cvReleaseImage( &model->Ftd ); cvReleaseImage( &model->Fbd ); cvReleaseImage( &model->foreground ); cvReleaseImage( &model->background ); cvReleaseImage( &model->prev_frame ); cvReleaseMemStorage(&model->storage); cvFree( _model ); } __END__; } // Function cvChangeDetection performs change detection for Foreground detection algorithm // parameters: // prev_frame - // curr_frame - // change_mask - CV_IMPL int cvChangeDetection( IplImage* prev_frame, IplImage* curr_frame, IplImage* change_mask ) { int i, j, b, x, y, thres; const int PIXELRANGE=256; if( !prev_frame || !curr_frame || !change_mask || prev_frame->nChannels != 3 || curr_frame->nChannels != 3 || change_mask->nChannels != 1 || prev_frame->depth != IPL_DEPTH_8U || curr_frame->depth != IPL_DEPTH_8U || change_mask->depth != IPL_DEPTH_8U || prev_frame->width != curr_frame->width || prev_frame->height != curr_frame->height || prev_frame->width != change_mask->width || prev_frame->height != change_mask->height ){ return 0; } cvZero ( change_mask ); // All operations per colour for (b=0 ; bnChannels ; b++) { // Create histogram: long HISTOGRAM[PIXELRANGE]; for (i=0 ; iheight ; y++) { uchar* rowStart1 = (uchar*)curr_frame->imageData + y * curr_frame->widthStep + b; uchar* rowStart2 = (uchar*)prev_frame->imageData + y * prev_frame->widthStep + b; for (x=0 ; xwidth ; x++, rowStart1+=curr_frame->nChannels, rowStart2+=prev_frame->nChannels) { int diff = abs( int(*rowStart1) - int(*rowStart2) ); HISTOGRAM[diff]++; } } double relativeVariance[PIXELRANGE]; for (i=0 ; i=0 ; thres--) { // fprintf(stderr, "Iter %d\n", thres); double sum=0; double sqsum=0; int count=0; // fprintf(stderr, "Iter %d entering loop\n", thres); for (j=thres ; jheight ; y++) { uchar* rowStart1 = (uchar*)(curr_frame->imageData) + y * curr_frame->widthStep + b; uchar* rowStart2 = (uchar*)(prev_frame->imageData) + y * prev_frame->widthStep + b; uchar* rowStart3 = (uchar*)(change_mask->imageData) + y * change_mask->widthStep; for (x = 0; x < curr_frame->width; x++, rowStart1+=curr_frame->nChannels, rowStart2+=prev_frame->nChannels, rowStart3+=change_mask->nChannels) { // OR between different color channels int diff = abs( int(*rowStart1) - int(*rowStart2) ); if ( diff > bestThres) *rowStart3 |=255; } } } return 1; } #define MIN_PV 1E-10 #define V_C(k,l) ctable[k].v[l] #define PV_C(k) ctable[k].Pv #define PVB_C(k) ctable[k].Pvb #define V_CC(k,l) cctable[k].v[l] #define PV_CC(k) cctable[k].Pv #define PVB_CC(k) cctable[k].Pvb // Function cvUpdateFGDStatModel updates statistical model and returns number of foreground regions // parameters: // curr_frame - current frame from video sequence // p_model - pointer to CvFGDStatModel structure static int CV_CDECL icvUpdateFGDStatModel( IplImage* curr_frame, CvFGDStatModel* model, double ) { int mask_step = model->Ftd->widthStep; CvSeq *first_seq = NULL, *prev_seq = NULL, *seq = NULL; IplImage* prev_frame = model->prev_frame; int region_count = 0; int FG_pixels_count = 0; int deltaC = cvRound(model->params.delta * 256 / model->params.Lc); int deltaCC = cvRound(model->params.delta * 256 / model->params.Lcc); int i, j, k, l; //clear storages cvClearMemStorage(model->storage); cvZero(model->foreground); // From foreground pixel candidates using image differencing // with adaptive thresholding. The algorithm is from: // // Thresholding for Change Detection // Paul L. Rosin 1998 6p // http://www.cis.temple.edu/~latecki/Courses/CIS750-03/Papers/thresh-iccv.pdf // cvChangeDetection( prev_frame, curr_frame, model->Ftd ); cvChangeDetection( model->background, curr_frame, model->Fbd ); for( i = 0; i < model->Ftd->height; i++ ) { for( j = 0; j < model->Ftd->width; j++ ) { if( ((uchar*)model->Fbd->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] || ((uchar*)model->Ftd->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] ) { float Pb = 0; float Pv = 0; float Pvb = 0; CvBGPixelStat* stat = model->pixel_stat + i * model->Ftd->width + j; CvBGPixelCStatTable* ctable = stat->ctable; CvBGPixelCCStatTable* cctable = stat->cctable; uchar* curr_data = (uchar*)(curr_frame->imageData) + i*curr_frame->widthStep + j*3; uchar* prev_data = (uchar*)(prev_frame->imageData) + i*prev_frame->widthStep + j*3; int val = 0; // Is it a motion pixel? if( ((uchar*)model->Ftd->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] ) { if( !stat->is_trained_dyn_model ) { val = 1; } else { // Compare with stored CCt vectors: for( k = 0; PV_CC(k) > model->params.alpha2 && k < model->params.N1cc; k++ ) { if ( abs( V_CC(k,0) - prev_data[0]) <= deltaCC && abs( V_CC(k,1) - prev_data[1]) <= deltaCC && abs( V_CC(k,2) - prev_data[2]) <= deltaCC && abs( V_CC(k,3) - curr_data[0]) <= deltaCC && abs( V_CC(k,4) - curr_data[1]) <= deltaCC && abs( V_CC(k,5) - curr_data[2]) <= deltaCC) { Pv += PV_CC(k); Pvb += PVB_CC(k); } } Pb = stat->Pbcc; if( 2 * Pvb * Pb <= Pv ) val = 1; } } else if( stat->is_trained_st_model ) { // Compare with stored Ct vectors: for( k = 0; PV_C(k) > model->params.alpha2 && k < model->params.N1c; k++ ) { if ( abs( V_C(k,0) - curr_data[0]) <= deltaC && abs( V_C(k,1) - curr_data[1]) <= deltaC && abs( V_C(k,2) - curr_data[2]) <= deltaC ) { Pv += PV_C(k); Pvb += PVB_C(k); } } Pb = stat->Pbc; if( 2 * Pvb * Pb <= Pv ) val = 1; } // Update foreground: ((uchar*)model->foreground->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] = (uchar)(val*255); FG_pixels_count += val; } // end if( change detection... } // for j... } // for i... //end BG/FG classification // Foreground segmentation. // Smooth foreground map: if( model->params.perform_morphing ){ cvMorphologyEx( model->foreground, model->foreground, 0, 0, CV_MOP_OPEN, model->params.perform_morphing ); cvMorphologyEx( model->foreground, model->foreground, 0, 0, CV_MOP_CLOSE, model->params.perform_morphing ); } if( model->params.minArea > 0 || model->params.is_obj_without_holes ){ // Discard under-size foreground regions: // cvFindContours( model->foreground, model->storage, &first_seq, sizeof(CvContour), CV_RETR_LIST ); for( seq = first_seq; seq; seq = seq->h_next ) { CvContour* cnt = (CvContour*)seq; if( cnt->rect.width * cnt->rect.height < model->params.minArea || (model->params.is_obj_without_holes && CV_IS_SEQ_HOLE(seq)) ) { // Delete under-size contour: prev_seq = seq->h_prev; if( prev_seq ) { prev_seq->h_next = seq->h_next; if( seq->h_next ) seq->h_next->h_prev = prev_seq; } else { first_seq = seq->h_next; if( seq->h_next ) seq->h_next->h_prev = NULL; } } else { region_count++; } } model->foreground_regions = first_seq; cvZero(model->foreground); cvDrawContours(model->foreground, first_seq, CV_RGB(0, 0, 255), CV_RGB(0, 0, 255), 10, -1); } else { model->foreground_regions = NULL; } // Check ALL BG update condition: if( ((float)FG_pixels_count/(model->Ftd->width*model->Ftd->height)) > CV_BGFG_FGD_BG_UPDATE_TRESH ) { for( i = 0; i < model->Ftd->height; i++ ) for( j = 0; j < model->Ftd->width; j++ ) { CvBGPixelStat* stat = model->pixel_stat + i * model->Ftd->width + j; stat->is_trained_st_model = stat->is_trained_dyn_model = 1; } } // Update background model: for( i = 0; i < model->Ftd->height; i++ ) { for( j = 0; j < model->Ftd->width; j++ ) { CvBGPixelStat* stat = model->pixel_stat + i * model->Ftd->width + j; CvBGPixelCStatTable* ctable = stat->ctable; CvBGPixelCCStatTable* cctable = stat->cctable; uchar *curr_data = (uchar*)(curr_frame->imageData)+i*curr_frame->widthStep+j*3; uchar *prev_data = (uchar*)(prev_frame->imageData)+i*prev_frame->widthStep+j*3; if( ((uchar*)model->Ftd->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] || !stat->is_trained_dyn_model ) { float alpha = stat->is_trained_dyn_model ? model->params.alpha2 : model->params.alpha3; float diff = 0; int dist, min_dist = 2147483647, indx = -1; //update Pb stat->Pbcc *= (1.f-alpha); if( !((uchar*)model->foreground->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] ) { stat->Pbcc += alpha; } // Find best Vi match: for(k = 0; PV_CC(k) && k < model->params.N2cc; k++ ) { // Exponential decay of memory PV_CC(k) *= (1-alpha); PVB_CC(k) *= (1-alpha); if( PV_CC(k) < MIN_PV ) { PV_CC(k) = 0; PVB_CC(k) = 0; continue; } dist = 0; for( l = 0; l < 3; l++ ) { int val = abs( V_CC(k,l) - prev_data[l] ); if( val > deltaCC ) break; dist += val; val = abs( V_CC(k,l+3) - curr_data[l] ); if( val > deltaCC) break; dist += val; } if( l == 3 && dist < min_dist ) { min_dist = dist; indx = k; } } if( indx < 0 ) { // Replace N2th elem in the table by new feature: indx = model->params.N2cc - 1; PV_CC(indx) = alpha; PVB_CC(indx) = alpha; //udate Vt for( l = 0; l < 3; l++ ) { V_CC(indx,l) = prev_data[l]; V_CC(indx,l+3) = curr_data[l]; } } else { // Update: PV_CC(indx) += alpha; if( !((uchar*)model->foreground->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] ) { PVB_CC(indx) += alpha; } } //re-sort CCt table by Pv for( k = 0; k < indx; k++ ) { if( PV_CC(k) <= PV_CC(indx) ) { //shift elements CvBGPixelCCStatTable tmp1, tmp2 = cctable[indx]; for( l = k; l <= indx; l++ ) { tmp1 = cctable[l]; cctable[l] = tmp2; tmp2 = tmp1; } break; } } float sum1=0, sum2=0; //check "once-off" changes for(k = 0; PV_CC(k) && k < model->params.N1cc; k++ ) { sum1 += PV_CC(k); sum2 += PVB_CC(k); } if( sum1 > model->params.T ) stat->is_trained_dyn_model = 1; diff = sum1 - stat->Pbcc * sum2; // Update stat table: if( diff > model->params.T ) { //printf("once off change at motion mode\n"); //new BG features are discovered for( k = 0; PV_CC(k) && k < model->params.N1cc; k++ ) { PVB_CC(k) = (PV_CC(k)-stat->Pbcc*PVB_CC(k))/(1-stat->Pbcc); } assert(stat->Pbcc<=1 && stat->Pbcc>=0); } } // Handle "stationary" pixel: if( !((uchar*)model->Ftd->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] ) { float alpha = stat->is_trained_st_model ? model->params.alpha2 : model->params.alpha3; float diff = 0; int dist, min_dist = 2147483647, indx = -1; //update Pb stat->Pbc *= (1.f-alpha); if( !((uchar*)model->foreground->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] ) { stat->Pbc += alpha; } //find best Vi match for( k = 0; k < model->params.N2c; k++ ) { // Exponential decay of memory PV_C(k) *= (1-alpha); PVB_C(k) *= (1-alpha); if( PV_C(k) < MIN_PV ) { PV_C(k) = 0; PVB_C(k) = 0; continue; } dist = 0; for( l = 0; l < 3; l++ ) { int val = abs( V_C(k,l) - curr_data[l] ); if( val > deltaC ) break; dist += val; } if( l == 3 && dist < min_dist ) { min_dist = dist; indx = k; } } if( indx < 0 ) {//N2th elem in the table is replaced by a new features indx = model->params.N2c - 1; PV_C(indx) = alpha; PVB_C(indx) = alpha; //udate Vt for( l = 0; l < 3; l++ ) { V_C(indx,l) = curr_data[l]; } } else {//update PV_C(indx) += alpha; if( !((uchar*)model->foreground->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] ) { PVB_C(indx) += alpha; } } //re-sort Ct table by Pv for( k = 0; k < indx; k++ ) { if( PV_C(k) <= PV_C(indx) ) { //shift elements CvBGPixelCStatTable tmp1, tmp2 = ctable[indx]; for( l = k; l <= indx; l++ ) { tmp1 = ctable[l]; ctable[l] = tmp2; tmp2 = tmp1; } break; } } // Check "once-off" changes: float sum1=0, sum2=0; for( k = 0; PV_C(k) && k < model->params.N1c; k++ ) { sum1 += PV_C(k); sum2 += PVB_C(k); } diff = sum1 - stat->Pbc * sum2; if( sum1 > model->params.T ) stat->is_trained_st_model = 1; // Update stat table: if( diff > model->params.T ) { //printf("once off change at stat mode\n"); //new BG features are discovered for( k = 0; PV_C(k) && k < model->params.N1c; k++ ) { PVB_C(k) = (PV_C(k)-stat->Pbc*PVB_C(k))/(1-stat->Pbc); } stat->Pbc = 1 - stat->Pbc; } } // if !(change detection) at pixel (i,j) // Update the reference BG image: if( !((uchar*)model->foreground->imageData)[i*mask_step+j]) { uchar* ptr = ((uchar*)model->background->imageData) + i*model->background->widthStep+j*3; if( !((uchar*)model->Ftd->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] && !((uchar*)model->Fbd->imageData)[i*mask_step+j] ) { // Apply IIR filter: for( l = 0; l < 3; l++ ) { int a = cvRound(ptr[l]*(1 - model->params.alpha1) + model->params.alpha1*curr_data[l]); ptr[l] = (uchar)a; //((uchar*)model->background->imageData)[i*model->background->widthStep+j*3+l]*=(1 - model->params.alpha1); //((uchar*)model->background->imageData)[i*model->background->widthStep+j*3+l] += model->params.alpha1*curr_data[l]; } } else { // Background change detected: for( l = 0; l < 3; l++ ) { //((uchar*)model->background->imageData)[i*model->background->widthStep+j*3+l] = curr_data[l]; ptr[l] = curr_data[l]; } } } } // j } // i // Keep previous frame: cvCopy( curr_frame, model->prev_frame ); return region_count; } /* End of file. */