diff --git a/cpp/cmake_modules/BuildUtils.cmake b/cpp/cmake_modules/BuildUtils.cmake
index e4e13cb70..58ca626da 100644
--- a/cpp/cmake_modules/BuildUtils.cmake
+++ b/cpp/cmake_modules/BuildUtils.cmake
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ function(ADD_ARROW_LIB LIB_NAME)
       target_include_directories(${LIB_NAME}_static PRIVATE ${ARG_PRIVATE_INCLUDES})
     endif()
 
-    if(MSVC)
+    if(MSVC AND 0)
       set(LIB_NAME_STATIC ${LIB_NAME}_static)
     else()
       set(LIB_NAME_STATIC ${LIB_NAME})
diff --git a/cpp/cmake_modules/FindBrotli.cmake b/cpp/cmake_modules/FindBrotli.cmake
index bf47915c4..053e605a0 100644
--- a/cpp/cmake_modules/FindBrotli.cmake
+++ b/cpp/cmake_modules/FindBrotli.cmake
@@ -64,8 +64,7 @@ if(BROTLI_ROOT)
             PATH_SUFFIXES ${INCLUDE_PATH_SUFFIXES}
             NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
 else()
-  pkg_check_modules(BROTLI_PC libbrotlicommon libbrotlienc libbrotlidec)
-  if(BROTLI_PC_FOUND)
+  if(0) # Find via pkg_check_modules disabled as incompatible with vcpkg
     set(BROTLI_INCLUDE_DIR "${BROTLI_PC_libbrotlicommon_INCLUDEDIR}")
 
     # Some systems (e.g. Fedora) don't fill Brotli_LIBRARY_DIRS, so add the other dirs here.
diff --git a/cpp/cmake_modules/FindLz4.cmake b/cpp/cmake_modules/FindLz4.cmake
index 841091643..a196b251d 100644
--- a/cpp/cmake_modules/FindLz4.cmake
+++ b/cpp/cmake_modules/FindLz4.cmake
@@ -19,14 +19,16 @@ if(MSVC AND NOT DEFINED LZ4_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX)
   set(LZ4_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX "_static")
 endif()
 
-set(LZ4_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX "${LZ4_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}${CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}")
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "DEBUG")
+  set(LZ4_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX d)
+endif()
 
-set(LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME ${CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_PREFIX}lz4${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX})
+set(LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME ${CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_PREFIX}lz4${LZ4_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}${LZ4_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX}${CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_SUFFIX})
 
 if(LZ4_ROOT)
   find_library(
     LZ4_LIB
-    NAMES lz4 ${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME} lib${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME}
+    NAMES lz4${LZ4_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX} ${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME} lib${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME}
           "${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_PREFIX}lz4_static${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}"
     PATHS ${LZ4_ROOT}
     PATH_SUFFIXES ${LIB_PATH_SUFFIXES}
@@ -43,14 +45,14 @@ else()
     set(LZ4_INCLUDE_DIR "${LZ4_PC_INCLUDEDIR}")
 
     list(APPEND LZ4_PC_LIBRARY_DIRS "${LZ4_PC_LIBDIR}")
-    find_library(LZ4_LIB lz4
+    find_library(LZ4_LIB lz4${LZ4_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX} ${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME} lib${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME}
                  PATHS ${LZ4_PC_LIBRARY_DIRS}
                  NO_DEFAULT_PATH
                  PATH_SUFFIXES ${LIB_PATH_SUFFIXES})
   else()
     find_library(
       LZ4_LIB
-      NAMES lz4 ${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME} lib${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME}
+      NAMES lz4${LZ4_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX} ${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME} lib${LZ4_STATIC_LIB_NAME}
             "${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_PREFIX}lz4_static${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}"
       PATH_SUFFIXES ${LIB_PATH_SUFFIXES})
     find_path(LZ4_INCLUDE_DIR NAMES lz4.h PATH_SUFFIXES ${INCLUDE_PATH_SUFFIXES})
diff --git a/cpp/cmake_modules/FindThrift.cmake b/cpp/cmake_modules/FindThrift.cmake
index bb3eb5608..0b03d37d3 100644
--- a/cpp/cmake_modules/FindThrift.cmake
+++ b/cpp/cmake_modules/FindThrift.cmake
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ if(MSVC AND NOT THRIFT_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX)
   set(THRIFT_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX md)
 endif()
 
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "DEBUG")
+  set(THRIFT_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX d)
+endif()
+
 if(Thrift_ROOT)
   find_library(THRIFT_STATIC_LIB thrift${THRIFT_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}
                PATHS ${Thrift_ROOT}
@@ -61,16 +65,14 @@ else()
 
     list(APPEND THRIFT_PC_LIBRARY_DIRS "${THRIFT_PC_LIBDIR}")
 
-    find_library(THRIFT_STATIC_LIB thrift${THRIFT_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}
-                 PATHS ${THRIFT_PC_LIBRARY_DIRS}
-                 NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
+    find_library(THRIFT_STATIC_LIB thrift${THRIFT_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}${THRIFT_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX}
+                 PATHS ${THRIFT_PC_LIBRARY_DIRS})
     find_program(THRIFT_COMPILER thrift
                  HINTS ${THRIFT_PC_PREFIX}
-                 NO_DEFAULT_PATH
                  PATH_SUFFIXES "bin")
     set(THRIFT_VERSION ${THRIFT_PC_VERSION})
   else()
-    find_library(THRIFT_STATIC_LIB thrift${THRIFT_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}
+    find_library(THRIFT_STATIC_LIB thrift${THRIFT_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}${THRIFT_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX}
                  PATH_SUFFIXES "lib/${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE}" "lib")
     find_path(THRIFT_INCLUDE_DIR thrift/Thrift.h PATH_SUFFIXES "include")
     find_program(THRIFT_COMPILER thrift PATH_SUFFIXES "bin")
diff --git a/cpp/cmake_modules/FindZSTD.cmake b/cpp/cmake_modules/FindZSTD.cmake
index 8e47086e8..d87906a25 100644
--- a/cpp/cmake_modules/FindZSTD.cmake
+++ b/cpp/cmake_modules/FindZSTD.cmake
@@ -19,14 +19,18 @@ if(MSVC AND NOT DEFINED ZSTD_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX)
   set(ZSTD_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX "_static")
 endif()
 
-set(ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX "${ZSTD_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}${CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}")
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "DEBUG")
+  set(ZSTD_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX d)
+endif()
+
+set(ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX "${ZSTD_MSVC_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX}${ZSTD_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX}${CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}")
 set(ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME ${CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_PREFIX}zstd${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX})
 
 # First, find via if specified ZTD_ROOT
 if(ZSTD_ROOT)
   message(STATUS "Using ZSTD_ROOT: ${ZSTD_ROOT}")
   find_library(ZSTD_LIB
-               NAMES zstd "${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME}" "lib${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME}"
+               NAMES zstd${ZSTD_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX} "${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME}" "lib${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME}"
                      "${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_PREFIX}zstd${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}"
                PATHS ${ZSTD_ROOT}
                PATH_SUFFIXES ${LIB_PATH_SUFFIXES}
@@ -39,19 +43,18 @@ if(ZSTD_ROOT)
 
 else()
   # Second, find via pkg_check_modules
-  pkg_check_modules(ZSTD_PC libzstd)
-  if(ZSTD_PC_FOUND)
+  if(0) # Disabled as incompatible with vcpkg
     set(ZSTD_INCLUDE_DIR "${ZSTD_PC_INCLUDEDIR}")
 
     list(APPEND ZSTD_PC_LIBRARY_DIRS "${ZSTD_PC_LIBDIR}")
-    find_library(ZSTD_LIB zstd
+    find_library(ZSTD_LIB zstd${ZSTD_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX}
                  PATHS ${ZSTD_PC_LIBRARY_DIRS}
                  NO_DEFAULT_PATH
                  PATH_SUFFIXES ${LIB_PATH_SUFFIXES})
     # Third, check all other CMake paths
   else()
     find_library(ZSTD_LIB
-                 NAMES zstd "${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME}" "lib${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME}"
+                 NAMES zstd${ZSTD_LIB_NAME_DEBUG_SUFFIX} "${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME}" "lib${ZSTD_STATIC_LIB_NAME}"
                        "${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_PREFIX}zstd${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}"
                  PATH_SUFFIXES ${LIB_PATH_SUFFIXES})
     find_path(ZSTD_INCLUDE_DIR NAMES zstd.h PATH_SUFFIXES ${INCLUDE_PATH_SUFFIXES})
diff --git a/cpp/cmake_modules/SetupCxxFlags.cmake b/cpp/cmake_modules/SetupCxxFlags.cmake
index 6110a5aa5..3270d74a9 100644
--- a/cpp/cmake_modules/SetupCxxFlags.cmake
+++ b/cpp/cmake_modules/SetupCxxFlags.cmake
@@ -163,7 +163,9 @@ macro(arrow_add_werror_if_debug)
   if("${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}" STREQUAL "DEBUG")
     # Treat all compiler warnings as errors
     if(MSVC)
-      set(CXX_COMMON_FLAGS "${CXX_COMMON_FLAGS} /WX")
+      if(MSVC_VERSION VERSION_LESS 1900)
+        set(CXX_COMMON_FLAGS "${CXX_COMMON_FLAGS} /WX")
+      endif()
     else()
       set(CXX_COMMON_FLAGS "${CXX_COMMON_FLAGS} -Werror")
     endif()